Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(Biology 211) Cellular Biology > Chapter 6 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

C-H bonds contain lots of what?

A

ENERGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the breakdown of glucose for energy reaction? Balanced

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the reaction for synthesis if glucose using light? What is this process called

A

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy > C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce temporary energy carrying Molecules called…

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucelotide phosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In photosynthesis what do those energy carrying molecules fix?

A

They fix carbon into sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Energy requiring pathways and energy producing pathways are called…

A

Energy require - anabolic
Energy producing - catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Some organisms perform catabolism without oxygen, what is this process called?

A

Fermentation or anaerobic metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in biosynthetic processes energy is needed from what molecules in plants and animals? In terms of anabolic and catabolic pathways

A

In animals - NADH
in plants - NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Catabolic pathways breakdown glucose into how many ATP molecules per glucose?

A

36 usually but 36-38

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Difference in kinetic vs potential energy?

A

Kinetic energy is energy of an object in motion

Potential is the energy an object contains that can be used once set in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chemical bonds hold what type of energy?

A

Potential energy- once broken it’s kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

All energy transfers involve the loss of energy in unusable forms of heat called what?

A

Entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Entropy is a state of what?

A

Disorder, randomness, uncertainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gibbs free energy represents what?

A

The energy that is usable after entropy is accounted for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the equation for gibs free energy? What does each part mean?

A

Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S

Delta G - change in free energy for a chemical reaction

Delta H - energy change in reaction

T Delta S = energy lost as entropy in a reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Energy change in a reaction (Delta H) is also called what?

A

Enthalpy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reactions that have a negative delta G means what?

A

The reactions release energy, meaning they have less free energy than the reactants (exergonic reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reactions that have a negative delta G and release energy are also known as…

A

Spontaneous reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Delta G that is positive means…

A

The reactants require energy input (endergonic reaction) means products have more free energy than the reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In terms of gonicity what is anabolic and catabolic?

A

Anabolic - endergonic

Catabolic - exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Amount of Energy needed for a reaction to occur

22
Q

Reactants activation energy is pretty high in cells, what can it be lowered by?

A

Catalysts or specifically enzynes

23
Q

Difference between open and closed systems in terms of the laws of thermodynamics?

A

Open systems lose heat to its surroundings while closed systems do not

24
Q

Main takeaways from the first law of thermodynamics

A

-amount of energy in universe is constant

-energy can’t be created or destroyed

25
Q

Every energy transfer includes some amount of energy that is lost and is…

A

Unusable (energy is usually heat)

26
Q

What is the definition of heat transfer in a system?

A

Energy transfer from one system to another that is NOT doing work

27
Q

The measure of randomness and disorder in a system is called what?

A

Entropy

28
Q

In terms of entropy a system with Low energy has how much entropy?

A

Relatively high amounts

29
Q

Systems naturally proceed towards what direction in terms of entropy?

A

More entropy (disorder)

30
Q

Does energy transfer decrease or increase the universes entropy?

A

Increase

31
Q

When is ATP made?

A

Only when needed, can’t store ATP (extremely unstable molecule)

32
Q

ATP is composed of an adenosine nucleotide, which is what chemically?

A

An adenine nucleotide + 5-carbon sugar (ribose)

33
Q

ATP also has 3 phosphates bonded to the sugar, what are the arrangements and names of each phosphate group?

A

The phosphate group closest to the ribose sugar is alpha, then extending outwards is beta, then gamma.

34
Q

Bond names between the phosphate groups?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds - release lots of energy

35
Q

Hydrolysis of what part of ATP releases a lot of energy, what molecule remains?

A

Hydrolysis of the beta-gamma bond on the phosphate groups releases lots of energy and a molecule called ADP, also an inorganic phosphate

Equation:

ATP + H2O > ADP + Pi + free energy

36
Q

What is the delta G for ATP mole?

A

-14kcal/mol

37
Q

In the sodium potassium pump what gives it the energy?

A

When ATP is hydrolyzed the gamma transfers into the transmembrane protein phosphorylating it (giving it energy)

38
Q

Almost all enzymes are what macromolecule?

A

Proteins

39
Q

What does an enzyme do physically to make an enzyme react more readily?

A

It functions by binding to the reactant and hold in a way that reacts more readily

40
Q

What do enzymes lower?

A

The activation energy, they DO NOT change the reactions delta G

41
Q

What gives the enzyme its specific properties?

A

The unique combination of amino acid R-groups (residues) of the active site

42
Q

Lock and key often resembles…

A

The substrate and enzyme

43
Q

What does induced fit mean?

A

It refers to the enzyme substrate interaction and how the structure of an enzyme and substrate change into an ideal arrangement

44
Q

Enzymes may take part in substrates reaction by forming covalent bonds with substrates, BUT always…

A

Return back to original form (enzymes remain unchanged by the reactants they catalyze)

45
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

A form of inhibition that occurs when an inhibitor molecule blocks substrates form binding to active site (basically molecule competes with substrate)

46
Q

What is non competitive inhibition? What is it also called?

A

It’s also called allosteric inhibition, it is when a inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a place different from active site and inhibits enzyme function

47
Q

What are the 2 types of allosteric types?

A

Inhibition, and activation

48
Q

What are coenzymes and cofactors?

A

Non protein helper molecules that are part of the enzyme, they promote optimal conformational

49
Q

What are examples of cofactors and coenzymes?

A

Cofactors - inorganic ions, examples: Fe2+, Mg2+, Zn2+

Coenzymes - organic molecules - usually vitamins; examples: vitamins A,C, folic acid, E, B1,B2, B6, D2. They are supplied through the diet

50
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

It is where a product of a metabolic pathway acts to regulate the pathway the product produced (self regulation)

Basically it inhibits its own pathway

51
Q

Through glucose catabolism what is the allosteric inhibitor and activator of ATP?

A

ATP is its own allosteric inhibitor preventing the buildup of ATP while ADP is the allosteric activator triggering the production of ATP

(Biology 211) Cellular Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions