Chapter 6 - Long-Term Memory: Structure

Question 1

What do divisions refer to?

Answer 1

Division refers to distinguishing between different types of memory

Question 2

LTM is the system that is responsible for…

Answer 2

storing memories for long periods of time.

Question 3

How long can long term stretch back?

Answer 3

It stretches from just a few moments ago to as far back as we can remember.

Question 4

The more recent the memory is the more…

Answer 4

detailed it is.

Question 5

Cindy tells her friend Tony that she watched a James Bond last night with Jim. How is Tony using both LTM and STM to process this information?

Answer 5

Tony’s STM is holding the exact wording of that statement in his mind.
- “She went to the movie with Jim.”

His LTM contains knowledge relevant to what is happening.
-Jim is the guy Cindy met three weeks ago.
- James Bond is 007.
- I saw that movie. It had some good explosions.
- Cindy is a big James Bond fan.
- I think Cindy and James really like each other

Question 6

What was studied in the experiment by B.B. Murdoch, Jr. in 1962?

Answer 6

He studied the studied the distinction between STM and LTM by measuring a function called the serial position curve.

Question 7

How is a serial position curve created?

Answer 7

It is created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another. After the last word, the participant writes down all the words he or she remembers, in any order.

Question 8

The finding that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence is called…

Answer 8

the primacy effect

Question 9

What is a possible explanation of the primacy effect?

Answer 9

Participants had time to rehearse the words at the beginning of the sequence and transfer them to LTM.

Question 10

The better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence is called…

Answer 10

the recency effect.

Question 11

What is a possible explanation of the recency effect?

Answer 11

The most recently presented
words are still in STM and therefore are easy for participants to remember

Question 12

In Glanzer and Cunitz’s (1966) experiment, they had participants
recall the words after they had counted backwards for 30 seconds right after hearing the last word of to prevent rehearsal and allow time for information to be lost from STM. What did this delay show?

Answer 12

There was no recency effect occurs if the memory test is delayed for 30 seconds.

Question 13

What is the different between LTM and STM in terms of capacity, retention duration, and coding?

Answer 13

LTM:
Capacity - Unlimited
Retention Duration - Indefinite
Coding - Based on meaning

STM:
Capacity - 5 to 9 items
Retention Duration - 15 to 20 seconds
Coding - based acoustic traits

Question 14

What are the types of LTM? How are they divided?

Answer 14

Long Term Memory:

1. Explicit Memory (Conscious)
   ● Episodic
   ● Semantic
2. Implicit Memory (Not Conscious)
   ●Procedural Memory
   ●Priming
   ●Conditioning

Question 15

What is another word for explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 15

Explicit – Declarative Memory
Implicit – Non-declarative Memory

Question 16

__________ involves conscious awareness and the ability to intentionally recall past experiences or information

Answer 16

Explicit Memory

Question 17

__________ is unconscious and involves remembering information or experiences without intentional effort.

Answer 17

Implicit Memory

Question 18

What are the key differences between implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 18

EXPLICIT memory requires intentional effort to bring information into awareness. Memories of events, facts, and personal experiences.

IMPLICIT memory happens automatically, without conscious effort. Motor skills, habits, and preferences

Question 19

When you engage in activities like tying your shoelaces or riding a bike, especially after a period of not practicing them and your body effortlessly recalls the motions with minimal conscious effort. What is this an example of?

Answer 19

Implicit Memory

Question 20

When you try to remember details of your birthday party a few years ago–What happened, who was there, and where did it take place?–What is this an example of?

Answer 20

Explicit Memory

Question 21

What is the distinction between episodic memory and semantic memory?

Answer 21

Episodic memory is memory for experiences.

Semantic memory is memory from fact.

Question 22

__________ involves remembering specific events or experiences in a person’s life–mental diary of personal experiences.

Answer 22

Episodic Memory

Question 23

__________ is about general knowledge and facts that are not tied to a specific time or place. It’s the memory for concepts, meanings, and information.

Answer 23

Semantic Memory

Question 24

Being able to name the capital cities of Brazil, Canada, Mexico is an example of what type of memory?

Answer 24

Semantic Memory

Question 25

Being able to recall the sequence of events and the details surrounding that experience is an example of what type of memory?

Answer 25

Episodic