Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards

6 questions

1
Q

learning

A

an experience-driven and relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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2
Q

why do animals and humans learn?

A

because of habituation, sensitization, conditioning and observation

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3
Q

habituation

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a gradual reduction in responding to that stimulus

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4
Q

sensitization

A

exposure to a stimulus leads to an increased response

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5
Q

non-associative learning

A

behavior toward a stimulus changes without any apparent associated stimulus or event

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6
Q

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

A

some stimulus evokes a response because it was paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes that response

UR + US = UR
CS + US = UR
CS = CR

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7
Q

acquisition

A

the phase during which the US is paired with the CS

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8
Q

extinction

A

in case of extinction the CS is presented without the US

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9
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the sudden reappearance of a previously extinct conditioned response after the unconditioned stimulus has been removed for some time

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10
Q

generalization

A

the CR evoked by the CS generalizes to stimuli that are similar to the CS

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11
Q

discrimination training

A

two quite similar stimuli are presented, but only one is followed by and US. the participant can learn to discriminate between the two similar stimuli

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12
Q

higher order conditioning

A

when a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

biological preparedness

A

a natural tendency to learn certain kinds of association over others

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14
Q

contiguity

A

refers to how associated a reinforcer is with behavior. The higher the contiguity between events the greater the strength of the behavioral relationship

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15
Q

blocking

A

blocking is the finding that after learning a stimulus-outcome relation for one stimulus, learning about a second stimulus is reduced when the second stimulus is always accompanied by the first stimulus

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16
Q

operant conditioning (Skinner)

A

voluntary behavior is rewarded or punished: the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

17
Q

law of effect

A

a response that leads to a ‘satisfactory state of affairs’ is more likely to be repeated

18
Q

reinforcer

A

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of behavior that leads to it

reinforcements are more effective than punishment

19
Q

punisher

A

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of behavior that led to it

20
Q

when a stimulus is added…
when a stimulus is removed…

A

this is labeled as positive
this is labeled as negative

21
Q

over-justification effect

A

an expected external incentive decreases intrinsic motivation to perform a task

22
Q

motivational crowding out

A

the effect of offering a reward for certain behavior that previously unrewarded shifts of motivation towards reward.

23
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

if not every behavior is followed by a reinforcer, this is called intermittent or partial reinforcement

produces behavior that is more resistant against extinction

24
Q

ratio schedules

A

reinforcement based on the number of responses
- fixed ratio: reinforcement after n responses
- variable ratio: reinforcement after n responses on average

25
interval schedules
reinforcement based on elapsed time interval - fixed interval: reinforcement after n minutes - variable interval: reinforcement after n minutes on average
26
shaping through gradual/successive approximation
behavior that comes close to the desired behavior is rewarded, but the bar is gradually set higher and higher
27
superstitious behavior
a reinforcer is attributed to non-causal accidental behavior
28
neural underpinnings of reward
the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and hypothalamus are important brain structures that are active in behaviors that produce pleasure
29
latent learning
something is learned but not manifested as behavioral change until some time in the future
30
observational learning
learning takes place by watching the actions of others
31
explicit learning
intentional learning of information while consciously looking for structure
32
implicit learning
learning while being unaware of the rules or structure that are embedded in the information