Chapter 6- General Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Question 1

Depending on the company, insufflators can use either of these gases

Answer 1

CO2 or filtered ambient air

Question 2

A ____ degree laparoscope is frequently used and sufficient for cattle laparoscopy. However a ____ degree to ____ degree allow you to see laterally deviated organs

Answer 2

0 degree; 25 degree; 30 degree

Question 3

What complication represents using a Veress needle for insufflation in cattle?

Answer 3

Due to thick abdominal wall, it has a tendency to create retroperitoneal insufflation since it tends to sit next to the peritoneum and not through it

Question 4

For how long should a patient (cattle) have fasted for laparoscopy?

Answer 4

24-48 hours

Question 5

Camera portal approach for cattle on the left

Answer 5

5 cm caudal to the last rib and 8 cm ventral from the extremity of the transverse border

Question 6

Camera portal approach for cattle on the right side

Answer 6

5 cm below the point of the tuber coxae, in the hollow of the flank

Question 7

Which way should the trocar for the camera portal be aimed when placed on the right side

Answer 7

Caudodorsally

Question 8

Camera portal approach for ventral approach in cattle (2)

Answer 8

1. 10 cm caudal to the xyphoid
2. Just left to the umbilicus (For ventral abomasopexy)

Question 9

When doing a ventral laparoscopy, accidental penetration of this structure might result in delay of insufflation until retraction of the camera allows clear visual of the peritoneum

Answer 9

Penetration in the omental leaves

Question 10

Cranial structures observed during laparoscopy on the right flank (10)

Answer 10

1. Right lobe of the Liver
2. Caudate lobe of the Liver
3. Sigmoid flexure of the Duodenum
4. Descending Duodenum
5. Diaphragm
6. Epiploic foramen
7. Pancreas
8. Gallbladder
9. Right kidney
10. Omentum (Greater and lesser)

Question 11

Caudal structures observed during laparoscopy on the right flank (5)

Answer 11

1. Supraepiploic bursa
2. Genital system
3. Dorsal sac of the rumen
4. Cecum
5. Descending colon
   2-4 are visual if scope is long enough

Question 12

Structures observed caudally during left flank laparotomy (6)

Answer 12

1. Dorsal sac of the rumen
2. Left kidney
3. Rectum
4. Portion of the spiral colon
5. Uterus
6. Left ovary
   4-6 Are more easily seen with rectal manipulation

Question 13

Structures observed cranially on left flank laparoscopy (4)

Answer 13

1. Part of the diaphragm
2. Spleen
3. Rumen
4. Greater omentum’s attachment on rumen (possibly)

Question 14

Structures observed cranially during ventral laparoscopy (6)

Answer 14

1. Diaphragm
2. Spleen
3. Rumen
4. Reticulum (biphasic contractions)
5. Part of the liver (sometimes)
6. Abomasum (Insertion of greater omentum)

Question 15

Main indications for laparoscopy in cattle (3)

Answer 15

1. Diagnostic
2. Abomasal decompression
3. Abomasal fixation

Question 16

What is a complication with laparoscopic abomasopexy?

Answer 16

Functional stenosis from malpositioning or suturing errors

Question 17

Where is the ideal insertion of the scope for a thoracoscopy in healthy cattle?

Answer 17

Ninth ICS, in the middle of the upper third of the thoracic cavity

Question 18

True/False: Keeping the cow off feed is not mandatory for thoracoscopy

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Why is acepromazine better than xylazine when sedating a cow?

Answer 19

Less cardiovascular depression, less likely to cause the cow to lay down during the procedure

Question 20

How is the thorax distended for thoracoscopy?

Answer 20

Using a teat cannula, room air is allowed to enter the thorax in 4-5 breathing cycles

Question 21

What is the highest pressure recommended if insufflation is being used in cattle thoracoscopy?

Answer 21

3 mm Hg

Question 22

During thoracoscopy in cattle, the esophagus, vagal nerve, and aortic arch are better viewed from ____, while the pericardium is seen more frequently from ____

Answer 22

The left pleural cavity; the right pleural cavity