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BRS Physiology > Chapter 6: Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Layer of GI tract that are specialized in different parts of the GI tract for secretion or absorption

A

Epithelial cells/Epithelium

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2
Q

Layer of GI tract wherein its contraction causes a change in the surface area for secretion or absorption

A

Muscularis mucosa

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3
Q

Layer of GI tract wherein its contraction causes a decrease in diameter of the lumen of the GIT

A

Circular muscle

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4
Q

Layer of GI tract wherein its contraction causes shortening of a segment of the GIT

A

Longitudinal muscle

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5
Q

Submucosal plexus is also known as

A

Meissner’s plexus

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6
Q

Myenteric plexus is also known as

A

Auerbach’s plexus

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7
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is _____ on the functions of the GIT

A

excitatory

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8
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system of the GIT is carried by what nerves

A

Vagus and pelvic nerves

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9
Q

This nerve innervates the esophagus, stomach, pancreas and upper large intestine

A

Vagus nerve

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10
Q

This nerve innervates the lower large intestine, rectum, anus

A

Pelvic nerve

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11
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is _____ on the functions of the GIT

A

inhibitory

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12
Q

Fibers of the SNS of the GIT originate in the spinal cord between __ and __

A

T8 and L2

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13
Q

This type of innervation uses local reflexes to relay information within the GIT

A

Intrinsic innervation

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14
Q

This plexus primarily controls the motility of the GI smooth muscle

A

Myenteric or Auerbach plexus

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15
Q

This plexus primarily controls secretion and blood flow

A

Submucosal or Meissner plexus

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16
Q

The 4 official GI hormones

A

Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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17
Q

Gastrin is secreted from

A

G cells of the gastric antrum

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18
Q

These amino acids are the most potent stimuli for gastrin secretion

A

Phenylanine and Tryptophan

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19
Q

This type of gastrin is the form secreted in response to a meal and it contains how many amino acids?

A

Little gastrin

17 amino acids

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20
Q

All of the biologic activity of gastrin resides in the _____

A

four C-terminal amino acids

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21
Q

This type of gastrin contains 34 amino acids

A

Big gastrin

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22
Q

GI hormone that increases H+ secretion by gastric parietal cells and stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

A

Gastrin

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23
Q

Inhibitors of gastrin secretion

A

H+ in the stomach

Somatostatin

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24
Q

Stimuli for gastrin secretion

A

Small peptides and amino acids in the stomach
Stomach distention
Vagal stimulation

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25
Q

Hormone that is homologous to gastrin

A

Cholecystokinin

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26
Q

Cholecystokinin is secreted by

A

I cells of duodenum and jejunum

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27
Q

Hormone that causes contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

A

Cholecystokinin

28
Q

GI hormone that inhibits gastric emptying to allow more time for intestinal digestion and absorption

A

Cholecystokinin

29
Q 
The following are stimuli for CCK release EXCEPT:
Small peptides and amino acids
Fatty acid
Triglycerides
Monoglycerides
A

Triglycerides

30
Q

GI hormone homologous to glucagon

A

Secretin

31
Q

Secretin is released by:

A

S cells of duodenum

32
Q

Stimuli for Secretin release

A

H+ in the duodenum

Fatty acids in the duodenum

33
Q

Inhibits H+ secretion by the parietal cells

A

Secretin

GIP

34
Q

Homologous to secretin and glucagon

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

35
Q

Only hormone that is released in response to fat, protein and carbohydrates

A

GIP

36
Q

GIP is secreted in the

A

duodenum and jejunum

37
Q

Actions of GIP

A

Stimulates insulin release

Inhibits H+ secretion

38
Q

Decreases appetite

A

Leptin

39
Q

Increases appetite

A

Ghrelin

40
Q

GI paracrines

A

Somatostatin

Histamine

41
Q

Inhibits the release of all GI hormones

A

Somatostatin

42
Q

Histamine is secreted by

A

Mast cells of the gastric mucosa or the enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL)

43
Q

GI neurocrines

A 
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Neuropeptide Y
Nitric Oxide (NO)
GRP (bombesin)
Enkephalins
44
Q

GI neurocrine homologous to secretin

A

VIP

45
Q

GI neurocrine released from vagus nerves that innervate the G cells

A

GRP

46
Q

Action of GRP

A

stimulates gastrin release from G cells

47
Q

Satiety center is located in

A

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

48
Q

Feeding center is located in

A

lateral hypothalamic area of the hypothalamus

49
Q

Leptin is secreted by these cells

A

Fat cells

50
Q

Ghrelin is secreted by these cells

A

Gastric cells

51
Q

Oscillating membrane potentials inherent to smooth muscle cells of GIT

A

Slow waves

52
Q

Slow waves originate in these cells

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

53
Q

Frequency of slow waves is lowest in

A

stomach ( 3 slow waves/min)

54
Q

Frequency of slow waves is highest in

A

duodenum (12 slow waves/min)

55
Q

Swallowing reflex is coordinated in

A

medulla

56
Q

This type of contraction mix the intestinal contents

A

Segmentation contractions

57
Q

This type of contractions propel the chyme through the small intestine

A

Peristaltic contractions

58
Q

Enterochromaffin cells release this NT

A

Serotonin

59
Q

Peristaltic reflex is coordinated in the

A

enteric nervous system

60
Q

This initiates the peristaltic reflex

A

Serotonin binding to receptors on intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs)

61
Q

This type of contractions are responsible for the appearance of haustra in the large instestine

A

Segmentation contractions

62
Q

Urge to defecate is felt when rectum is filled to this percent

A

25%

63
Q

Intra-abdominal pressure is increased by expiring against a closed glottis

A

Valsalva maneuver

64
Q

As the rectum fills with fecal material, it contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes

A

Rectosphincteric reflex

65
Q

The presence of food in the stomach increases the motility of the colon and increases the frequency of mass movements

A

Gastrocolic reflex

66
Q

Increased segmentation contractions results to this symptom

A

Constipation

67
Q

Decreased segmentation contractions results to this symptom

A

Diarrhea

BRS Physiology (1 decks)

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