Chapter 6: Formulating the Hypothesis Flashcards
A _______ represents the end of the long process of thinking about a research idea.
a. Theory
b. Guess
c. Hypothesis
c. Hypothesis
All of the statements describe hypothesis except:
a. The thesis, or main idea, of an experiment.
b. It represents the beginning of the long process of thinking about a research idea.
c. It is a statement about a predicted relationship between at least two variables.
b. It represents the beginning of the long process of thinking about a research idea.
Which type of hypothesis is defined as “statement of prediction of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related - not a statement about cause and effect”?
a. Nonexperimental hypothesis
b. Experimental hypothesis
a. Nonexperimental hypothesis
Which type of hypothesis is defined as “the hypothesis predicts the effects of specific antecedent conditions on some behavior that is to be measured”?
a. Nonexperimental hypothesis
b. Experimental hypothesis
b. Experimental hypothesis
All of the following are nonexperimental hypothesis types of designs except:
a. Cross-sectional
b. Non-equivalent
c. Ex post facto
d. Archival
e. Correlational
f. Field
g. Longitudinal
d. Archival
f. Field
Which nonexperimental hypothesis belongs to the correlational type of design?
a. Firstborn children will show imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling.
b. Repressors will report fewer treatment-related side effects than will nonrepressors.
c. Incandescent lighting (in Company A) will produce better performance than flourescent lighting (in Company B).
d. The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.
e. Firstborns with a 4-month-old siblings will show more imitative behavior than firstborns with a 1-month-old sibling.
d. The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.
Which nonexperimental hypothesis belongs to the ex post facto type of design?
a. Firstborn children will show imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling.
b. Repressors will report fewer treatment-related side effects than will nonrepressors.
c. Incandescent lighting (in Company A) will produce better performance than flourescent lighting (in Company B).
d. The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.
e. Firstborns with a 4-month-old siblings will show more imitative behavior than firstborns with a 1-month-old sibling.
b. Repressors will report fewer treatment-related side effects than will nonrepressors.
Which nonexperimental hypothesis belongs to the non-equivalent groups type of design?
a. Firstborn children will show imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling.
b. Repressors will report fewer treatment-related side effects than will nonrepressors.
c. Incandescent lighting (in Company A) will produce better performance than flourescent lighting (in Company B).
d. The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.
e. Firstborns with a 4-month-old siblings will show more imitative behavior than firstborns with a 1-month-old sibling.
c. Incandescent lighting (in Company A) will produce better performance than flourescent lighting (in Company B).
Which nonexperimental hypothesis belongs to the longitudinal type of design?
a. Firstborn children will show imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling.
b. Repressors will report fewer treatment-related side effects than will nonrepressors.
c. Incandescent lighting (in Company A) will produce better performance than flourescent lighting (in Company B).
d. The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.
e. Firstborns with a 4-month-old siblings will show more imitative behavior than firstborns with a 1-month-old sibling.
a. Firstborn children will show imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling.
Which nonexperimental hypothesis belongs to the cross-sectional type of design?
a. Firstborn children will show imitative behaviors after the birth of a sibling.
b. Repressors will report fewer treatment-related side effects than will nonrepressors.
c. Incandescent lighting (in Company A) will produce better performance than flourescent lighting (in Company B).
d. The amount of TV viewing will be directly related to vocabulary size.
e. Firstborns with a 4-month-old siblings will show more imitative behavior than firstborns with a 1-month-old sibling.
e. Firstborns with a 4-month-old siblings will show more imitative behavior than firstborns with a 1-month-old sibling.
Which of the following is not a description of an experimental hypothesis?
a. It is a tentative explanation of an event or behavior.
b. It is a statement that explains the effects of a specified antecedent conditions on a measures behavior.
c. You cannot discard several improbable explanations of it and propose only one explanation that seems plausible.
c. You cannot discard several improbable explanations of it and propose only one explanation that seems plausible.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an experimental hypothesis?
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
e. All of the above
f. None of the above
f. None of the above
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis is usually founded in established theories or developed from the results of previous research?
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
a. Logical
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis is based on the scientific process that is used to test the prediction?
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
d. Positive
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis is one that can be demonstrated to be false and is possible for the outcome to be different from the prediction?
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
c. Refutable
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis must involve real situations, real events, and real individuals?
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
b. Testable
Which of the following does not describe POSITIVE?
a. It must make a positive statement about the existence of something, usually the existence of a relationship, the existence of a difference, or the existence of a treatment effect.
b. It is not based on the scientific process.
c. Basic nature of science is to assume that something does not exist until there is enough evidence to demonstrate that it actually does exist.
b. It is not based on the scientific process.
Which of the following describes REFUTABLE?
a. It is not possible for the outcome to be different from the prediction
b. It cannot be demonstrated to be false
c. It is inappropriate for the scientific method
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
Which of the following does not describe TESTABLE?
a. It is usually founded in established theories or developed from the results of previous research
b. It must be possible to observe and measure all of the variables involved
c. Must involve real situations, real events, and real individuals
a. It is usually founded in established theories or developed from the results of previous research
Which of the following does not describe LOGICAL?
a. Usually founded in established theories or developed from the results of previous research.
b. Good hypothesis should be the logical conclusion of a logical argument.
c. It must involve real situations, real events, and real individuals
c. It must involve real situations, real events, and real individuals
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis does this example belong?
Premise 1: Academic success is highly valued and respected by others contributed to high self-esteem.
Premise 2: Being valued and respected by others contributes to high self-esteem.
Conclusion (hypothesis): For a specific group of student, higher levels of academic success will be related to higher levels of self-esteem.
a. Logical
b. Refutable
c. Testable
d. Positive
a. Logical
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis does this example belong?
Hypothesis: The more sins a man cmmits, the less likely he is to get into heaven.
Hypothesis: The human mind emits thought waves that inlfuence other people, but that cannot be measured or recorded in any way.
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
c. Refutable
Which characteristic of an experimental hypothesis does this example belong?
Hypothesis: For high school students, there is a relationship between intelligence and creativity.
Hypothesis: There is difference between the verbal skills of a 3-year-old girls and those of 3-year-old boys.
Hypothesis: The new therapy technique will produce significant improvement for severely depressed patients.
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
d. Positive
Research process is structured to test for the existence of treatment effects, relationships, and differences; it is not structured to test a prediction that denies existence.
a. Logical
b. Testable
c. Refutable
d. Positive
d. Positive
The next steps in the research process will transform the general hypothesis into a specific research study.
True or False
True
States that in the general population there is no change, no difference, or no relationship.
A. Alternative Hypothesis
b. Null Hypothesis
b. Null Hypothesis
States that there is a change, a difference, or a relationship for the general population.
a. Alternative Hypothesis
b. Null Hypothesis
a. Alternative Hypothesis
In the context of an experiment, the null hypothesis (H0) predicts that the independent variable (treatment) does have effect on the dependent variable (scores) for the population.
True or False
False
In the context of an experiment, the alternative hypothesis (H1) predicts that the independent variable (treatment) does have effect on the dependent variable (scores) for the population.
True or False
True
The (IV) has no significant effect/impact/influence on (DV) among the population.
a. Null hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
a. Null hypothesis
The (IV) has significant effect/impact/influence on (DV) among the population.
a. Null hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
b. Alternative hypothesis
A hypothesis that one experimental group will differ from another without specification of the expected direction of the difference.
a. Nondirectional hypothesis
b. Directional hypothesis
a. Nondirectional hypothesis
Specifies the expected direction of the relationship or difference between variables. It predicts not just the existence of an effect but also the direction of the effect (e.g., whether it is positive or negative, increase or decrease).
a. Nondirectional hypothesis
b. Directional hypothesis
b. Directional hypothesis
Determine which type of hypothesis is highlighted.
Study: To determine if different lighting conditions affect productivity in an office setting.
Hypothesis: There will be a difference in the number of tasks completed between employees working under bright lighting conditions and those working under dim lighting conditions.
a. Directional hypothesis
b. Nondirectional hypothesis
b. Nondirectional hypothesis
Determine which type of hypothesis is highlighted.
Study: To determine if different lighting conditions affect productivity in an office setting.
Hypothesis: Employess working under bright lighting conditions will complete more tasks compared to those working under dim lighting conditions.
a. Directional hypothesis
b. Nondirectional hypothesis
a. Directional hypothesis
Identify the steps on how to start identifying a research idea.
I. Identifying a topic area.
II. Searching the existing research in a topic area.
III. Finding an idea for a research study from published research article.
a. Only I &II
b. Only I & III
c. Only II & III
d. I, II, & III
d. I, II, & III
All of the following can be a way to identify a topic area except:
a. Behavioral theories
b. Causal observation
c. Practical problems or questions
d. Personal interest and curiosities
e. Reports of other’s observation
f. Primary source
g. None of the above
h. All of the above
f. Primary source
All of the following are the steps when searching for the existing research in a topic area except:
a. Do your homework
b. Keep an open mind
c. Focus
d. Take one step at a time
e. None of the above
f. All of the above
e. None of the above
A firsthand report in which the authors describe their own observations.
a. Primary source
b. Secondary source
a. Primary source
A secondhand report in which the authors discuss someone else’s observation.
a. Primary source
b. Secondary source
b. Secondary source
Identify the ways in finding an idea for a research study from published research article.
I. Find suggestions for future research
II. Combine or contrast existing results
III. Critical reading
a. I, II, & III
b. Only II & III
c. Only I & II
d. Only II & III
a. I, II, & III
