chapter 6 fluid and electrolytes

Question 1

Equal solute concentrations, causes no fluid shifts

Answer 1

Isotonic fluid

Question 2

lowe solute concentration

fluid shifts out

Answer 2

hypotonic

Question 3

higher solute concentration

fluid shifts in

Answer 3

hypertonic

Question 4

triggered by decrease blood volume and osmolarity

Answer 4

Thirst mechanism

Question 5

Promotes reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Answer 5

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 6

Increases reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys

Answer 6

Aldosterone

Question 7

Stimulates renal vasodilation and suppresses aldosterone, increasing urinary output

Answer 7

Atrial natriuretic peptid

Question 8

excess fluid in the interstitial space

Answer 8

edema

Question 9

excess fluid in the intravascular space

Answer 9

hypervolemia or fluid volume excess

Question 10

excess fluid in the intracellular space

Answer 10

water intoxication

Question 11

manifestations as peripherial edema, periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, JVD, HTN, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles

Answer 11

Fluid Excess

Question 12

dehydration, hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit, can occur independently without electrolyte defects.
decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood solutes
cell shrinkage
hypotension

Answer 12

Fluid deficit

Question 13

positively charged electrolytes

Answer 13

cations

Question 14

negatively charged electrolytes

Answer 14

anions

Question 15

normal 135-145
most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid
controls serum osmolality and water balance
facilitates muscles and nerve impulses
main source is dietary intake
excreted thru the kidneys and GI tract

Answer 15

Sodium

Question 16

excessive sodium
Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline)
causes fluid shifts

Answer 16

HYPERnatremia

Question 17

serum osmolarity decreases
anorexia, GI upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, BP changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma

Answer 17

HYPOnatremia

Question 18

normal 98-108
mineral electrolyte
Major extracellular anion
found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and csf
main source is dietary intake
excreted thru the kidneys

Answer 18

chloride

Question 19

normal 3.5-5
primary intracellular cation
electrical conduction, acid-base balance, and metabolism
can’t fluctuate much without causing serious issues

Answer 19

Potassium

Question 20

normal 4-5
found in the bone and teeth
role in blood clotting, hormone secretion, receptor functions, nerve transmission, and muscular contraction
inverse relationship with phosphorus
synergistic relationship with magnesium
absorbed thru the GI tract (small intestines)

Answer 20

Calcium

Question 21

normal 2.5-4.5
found in bones, small amounts in bloodstream
role in bone and tooth mineralizaton, cellular metabolism, acid-base balance, and cell membrane formation
excreted thru the kidneys

Answer 21

phosphorous

Question 22

normal 1.8-2.5
intracellular cation
stored in bone and muscle
cardiac rhythm
excreted thru kidneys

Answer 22

magnesium

Question 23

reflects hydrogen concentrations

Answer 23

pH

Question 24

chemicals that combine with an acid or a base to change pH

Answer 24

Buffers

Question 25

most significant in the extracellualar fluid
forms from carbon dioxide reacting with water
carbonic anhydrase causes carbonic acid to separate into hydrogen and bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase in the lungs allow for CO2 excretion and in the kidneys allows for hydrogen excretion

Answer 25

Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system

Question 26

similar to the bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
high concentrations in the intracellular fluid
act as weak acids, and some act as weak bases
primarily works in the kidneys by accepting or donating hydrogen

Answer 26

Phosphate system

Question 27

primarily occurs in the capillaries
acidity and hypoxia cause hemoglobin to release the oxygen
hemoglobin then becomes a weaker acid, taking up extra hydrogen
binding with oxygen makes hemoglobin more prone to release hydrogen
hydrogen reacts with bicarb to form carbonic acid, which is converted to carbon dioxide and released into the alveoli

Answer 27

Hemoglobin system

Question 28

most abundant buffering system
proteins can act as an acid or a base by binding to or releasing hydrogen
occurs in the intracellular and extracellular spaces
hydrogen and CO2 diffuse across the cell membrane to bind with protein inside the cell
albumin and plasma are the primary buffers in the intravascular space

Answer 28

protein system

Question 29

manages pH by altering CO2 excretion
speeding will excrete more CO2 decreasing acidity and vice versa
uses chemoreceptors
responds quickly, but is short lived

Answer 29

respiratory regulation

Question 30

alters the excretion or retention of hydrogen or bicarb
more effective because it permanently removes hydrogen
responds slowest, but lasts the longest

Answer 30

renal regulation

Question 31

results from a deficiency of bicarb or an excess of hydrogen

Answer 31

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 32

bicarb and chloride results are added together and subtracted from the sodium
normal 6-9

Answer 32

anion gap

Question 33

results from excess bicarb or deficient acid or both

Answer 33

metabolic alkalosis

Question 34

results from CO2 retention, which increases carbonic acid

Answer 34

respiratory acidosis

Question 35

results from excess exhalation of CO2, which leads to carbonic acid deficits

Answer 35

Respiratory Alkalosis

Question 36

respiratory and metabolic disorders resulting in an acidotic or alkalotic state
both the respiratory and renal systems demonstrate an imbalance of acid or base

Answer 36

mixed disorders