chapter 6; exam 2 Flashcards
audience analysis
is the process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members’ attributes and motivations with the explicit aim of preparing your speech in ways that will be meaningful to them.
audience-centered
approach throughout the entire speech preparation process–from selection and treatment of the speech topic to make decisions about how you will organize, word, and deliver it-will help you prepare a presentation that your audience will want to hear.
attitudes
are our general evaluations of people , ideas, objects, or events.
beliefs
the ways in which people perceive reality. they are our feelings about what is true.
values
our most enduring judgments about what’s good and bad in life, which is shaped by our culture and our unique experiences within it.
if topic is new to listeners
show relevance, relate the topic to familiar issues and ideas about which they hold positive attitudes.
if listeners know little about the topic
stick to basics for background, steer clear of jargon and define unclear terms, and repeat important points, summarize info.
if listeners are negatively disposed toward the topic
focus on credibility, begin with areas of agreement, intro the other side of argument after you know their bias, give solid evidence,
if listeners hold positive attitudes
stimulate audience to feel even more strongly by emphasizing the side of agreement with which they already agree, tell stories with vivid language..
if listeners are a captive audience
motivate listeners to pay attention by stressing what is most relevant to them, pay close attention to the length of your speech.
identification
listeners have a natural desire to identify with the speaker and to feel that he or she shares their perceptions
captive audience
who are required to hear the speaker , may be less positively disposed to the occasion than members of voluntary audience
voluntary audience
who attend a presentation on their own free will.
demographics
are statistical characteristics of a given population
examples of demographics
age, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, income, occupation, education…etc.
questionnaire
survey
close-ended questions
yes or no questions
fixed-alternative questions
yes, no, sometimes, maybe questions
scale questions
1,2,3,4,5 strongly agree; disagree questions
open-ended questions
allow respondents to elaborate as much as they wish
brainstorming
mind mapping
word association
write down a single topic that might interest you and your listeners.
topic(mind) mapping
put a potential topic in the middle of a piece of paper.
general speech purpose
to inform, to persuade, or to mark a special occasion
thesis statement
also called central idea
general purpose example
to persuade
specific purpose example
to persuade my audience to back legislation calling for fuel-effiency standards of 60 miles per gallon by 2017.
thesis example
maintain a blog lets you sharpen your writing skills, network with persons who share similar interests, and develop basic Web site management skills
chronological is also
temporal patter
chronological arrangement
follows the natural sequential order of the main points
spatial pattern of arrangement
speaking about a physical arrangement of a place, an object, or an event, logic suggests that the main points can e arranged n order o their physical proximity or direction relative to one another.
cause-effect arrangement
follows a cause then effect; can be switched
problem-solution arrangement
organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and to provide justification for a proposed solution
topical is also called
categorical
topical arrangement
when each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic.
narrative pattern of arrangement
storytelling is often a natural and effective way to get your message across.
