Chapter 6- Ethics In Nursing

Question 1

Values

Answer 1

Defined as attitudes, ideals, or beliefs that guide behavior

Question 2

Morals

Answer 2

Established rules of conduct to be used to distinguish right from wrong

Question 3

Ethics

Answer 3

Codified actions that specify what actions an individual should take

Question 4

Bioethics

Answer 4

Application of ethical principles to moral issues in health care

Question 5

Laws

Answer 5

Man-made rules of conduct that protect society

Question 6

The purpose of laws

Answer 6

To protect the rights of one individual from infringement by another

Question 7

As a group becomes larger and more complicated, laws tend to…

Answer 7

Increase

Question 8

Ethical accountability

Answer 8

Each person is responsible for his or her own actions

Question 9

One of the key elements of being a professional

Answer 9

Ethical accountability

Question 10

Nurses are accountable to…

Answer 10

Clients
Public
Profession of nursing
Facility administration
Physicians
Other nurses (peer review)

Question 11

Accountability is…

Answer 11

Answerability

Question 12

What is Kolberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning?

Answer 12

An approach to moral reasoning. It has three levels of moral reasoning

Question 13

Kolberg’s stages of moral reasoning, the levels specifically

Answer 13

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

Question 14

Utilitarianism

Answer 14

The end justifies the means.
No set rules or principles to govern day to day decisions.
All decisions depend on situation.
Group happiness.

Question 15

Moral decisions in utilitarianism

Answer 15

The greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 16

Deontology

Answer 16

The most basic principle is “survival of the species”
Principles of right and wrong
Principles echo those in the bill of rights

Question 17

In reality, most people use a ________ of ultilitarianism and deontology.

Answer 17

Combination

Question 18

Principalism

Answer 18

Uses key ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficencr, autonomy, and justice to resolve ethical dilemmas

Question 19

The primary ethical responsibility of nurses in practice

Answer 19

Respect for others

Question 20

Six ethical principles

Answer 20

Autonomy
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Justice
Fidelity
Veracity

Question 21

Autonomy

Answer 21

Individuals have the right to determine their own actions and freedom to make their own decisions.

Respect is cornerstone

Question 22

Autonomic deductions are based on:

Answer 22

Individual values
Adequate information
Freedom from coercion
Reason and deliberation

Question 23

Beneficence

Answer 23

Based on promoting good for others… this is the primary goal of nursing and health care

One of the oldest of the ethical requirements in health care

Question 24

Nonmaleficence

Answer 24

Duty to do no harm

Foundation of Hippocratic oath

Question 25

Principle of double effect

Answer 25

One may produce a distressful or undesireable effect if intent is to produce overall good result

Question 26

Justice

Answer 26

Equals should be treated the same and unequals should be treated differently.

Question 27

How is justice used in reference to health care?

Answer 27

It relates to allocation of resources.

Question 28

Fidelity

Answer 28

Faithfulness or honoring one's commitments or promises

Question 29

Fidelity is the key foundation for:

Answer 29

Nurse-patient relationship Code of ethics for nurses Maintaining competence

Question 30

Veracity

Answer 30

Telling the truth, not lying

Question 31

Exceptions to veracity in nursing

Answer 31

If a patient asks not to be told the truth If a patient is mentally incompetent If harm will come to the patient from telling the truth

Question 32

Advance directive

Answer 32

Decisions made by competent individuals about their future health care

Question 33

Living will

Answer 33

A written advance directive that identifies treatments, procedures, tests and so on, that a person wants or does not want should he or she become unable to make such decisions.

Question 34

Abandonment

Answer 34

Unilateral severance of the professional relationship with the client without adequate notice and while the need for care still exists

Question 35

Key phrase in relation to abandonment

Answer 35

Without adequate notice

Question 36

Nursinf code of ethics

Answer 36

Defines as a social contract through which the profession informs society of principles and rules guiding its function

Question 37

Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements

Answer 37

Nursing profession's expression of its ethical values and duties to the public

Question 38

Scopes and standards of practice

Answer 38

Defines standards of practice and standards of professional performance

Question 39

International Council of nurses code of ethics for nurses

Answer 39

Rights and responsibilities of nurses related to people, practice, society, co-workers, and the profession

Question 40

Ethical decision making

Answer 40

Requires that the nurse make judgements or decisions when two or more values in a situation are incongruent.

Question 41

Model for ethical decision making

Answer 41

``` Clarify the ethical dilemma Gather additional information Identify options Make a decision Act Evaluate ```

Question 42

Common ethical dilemmas in nursing include conflicts between

Answer 42

Patients, their families, health care professionals, and institutions

Question 43

Some major issues involved in ethical dilemmas in nursing with relationships

Answer 43

``` Personal value systems Peers' and other professionals' behaviors Patients' rights Institutional and societal issues Patient data access issues Global dilemmas ```

Question 44

Ethical dilemma: when personal values are in conflict with professional values

Answer 44

Professional ethics outweigh personal ethics in professional setting Nurses should find work in which personal ethics are not routinely challenged

Question 45

Ethical dilemma: when nurses or other health care providers routinely fail to meet standards of care

Answer 45

Through incompetence or impairment resulting from drug or alcohol addictions or by other breaches

Question 46

Ethical dilemma: when patients demand to have a voice in a health care decision that is controversial

Answer 46

Advance directives Rights for patients with physical or mental disabilities

Question 47

Ethical dilemma: when cultural differences pose communication problems between patients and health care providers

Answer 47

Medical interpretation requires knowledge of medical terminology, cultural wisdom and sensitivity to patient's needs

Question 48

Ethical dilemma: when nursing shortages promote proposals for changes in immigration laws

Answer 48

Removing immigration cap would exacerbate shortages in other countries It challenges ability to ensure competency to provide safe nursing care, which occurs now through NCLEX from approved U.S. schools

Question 49

Ethical dilemma: when nurses disagree with policies of their institutions

Answer 49

Institutional ethics committees have been created to assist with ethical dilemmas in institutional settings through consultation and emotional support for nurses

Question 50

Ethical dilemma: when technology creates electronic portals into patients' confidential medical info

Answer 50

Places great responsibility and power in the hands of health care workers and exacerbates basic ethical problems that exist