Chapter 6: Environmental Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hyperthermia

A

Elevated body temp.

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2
Q

5 ways heat can be gained or lost

A

1) metabolic heat production
2) conductive heat exchange
3) convective heat exchange
4) radiant heat exchange
5) evaporative heat loss

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3
Q

Define Metabolic Heat Production

A

Heat produced by normal metabolic function.

. Increase in activity increases metabolic function and therefor amount of heat produced

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4
Q

Define conductive heat exchange

A

A heat loss or gain as a result of physical contact with other objects

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5
Q

Define convective heat exchange

A

heat loss or gain when a mass of either air or water moves around an individual.

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6
Q

Define convective heat exchange

A

heat loss or gain when a mass of either air or water moves around an individual.
. Removes heat from the body’s surface

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7
Q

Define radiant heat exchange

A

dilation of superficial blood vessels allowing heat to dissipate through the skin.
. can gain heat through radiant exchange from the sun

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8
Q

Define evaporative heat loss

A

Sweat evaporates taking heat w/ it.

. sweating doesn’t cause heat loss, it must evaporate off the skin.

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9
Q

How does humidity affect evaporative heat loss?

A

Increased air humidity causes a decrease in sweat evaporation.
. heat loss is severely impaired when relative humidity is 65% and virtually stops at 75%

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10
Q

Factors affecting sweat rates

A
height and weight 
acclimatization 
fitness levels 
hydration status 
environmental conditions 
clothing 
intensity & duration of activity 
heredity
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11
Q

S&S of mild dehydration

A
thirst / dry mouth
headache
dixxiness 
irritability 
lethargy
excessive fatigue
cramps
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12
Q

an adult doing minimal activity needs ___L of water/day

A

2.5 L

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13
Q

Average sweat loss during an hour of exercise is ____L

A

1.5 L

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14
Q

Gradual acclimatization to avoid heat stress should occur over ____ days

A

7-10 Days
. days 1-6 80% acclimatization w/ 2hr practices in the mornings and evenings
. sessions broken down into 20min work, 20 min rest

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15
Q

Individuals susceptible to heat stress

A
young & elderly 
over weight 
ppl w/ poor fitness levels 
ppl w/ history of heat illness 
ppl w/ fever
ppl w/ sickle cell trait
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16
Q

what does WBGT stand for and what does it do

A

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

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16
Q

what does WBGT stand for and what does it do

A

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

. Objective means of determining heat index

17
Q

what is the WBGT calculation

A

WBGT = 0.1 X DBT + 0.7 X WBT + GT X 0.2

. DBT = Dry bulb temp (mercury thermometer)
. GT = Globe temp (measures sun’s radiation)

18
Q

What is the WBGT calculation if there is no GT reading?

A

WBGT = 0.3 x DBT +0.7 X WBT

19
Q

What is heat rash?

A

red raised rash that prickles/tingles during sweating

usually occurs when skin is continually wet

20
Q

What is heat syncope / heat collapse

A

rapid physical fatigue during over exposure to heat

. caused by peripheral vasodilation of superficial vessels and pooling of blood in the extremities

21
Q

Signs of heat syncope and Tx

A

. dizziness, fainting and nausea

. lay pt in a cool environment, elevate legs and replace fluids

22
Q

What are Exertional Heat Cramps

A

. Painful muscle spasms (calf and abdomen)

. loss of water and electrolytes causing an imbalance

23
Q

Tx of Exertional Heat Cramps

A

. Sports drinks

. mild, prolonged stretching w/ ice massage

24
Q

What is Exertional Heat Exhaustion

A

. Results from dehydration, heat stress, & exercise
. unable to sustain cardiac output
. rectal temp of less than 104
. no CNS dysfunction

25
Q

S&S of Exertional heat exhaustion

A
. no CNS impairment 
. pale skin 
. profuse sweating
. stomach cramps
. vomiting
. diarrhea
. headache
. persistant MUS cramps 
. dizziness
. loss of coordination
26
Q

Tx of Exertional heat exhaustion

A

. Immediately remove from play and put in shade
. remove excessive clothing
. lay down and elevate legs
. cool until internal temp of 101
. rehydrate w/ sports drinks (if not nauseous or vomiting)
. transport to ER if there is no rapid improvement

27
Q

what is Exertional Heatstroke

A

. CNS abnormalities
. potential tissue damage from increase body temp
. can occur suddenly w/out warning
. rectal temp is 104 and up

28
Q

S&S of Exertional Heatstroke

A
. sudden collapse w/ CNS dysfunction 
   . altered consciousness, seizures, confusion, emotional instability, irrational behaviour and/or decreased mental acuity
. flushed, hot, and dry skin 
. shallow, fast breathing 
. rapid, strong pulse
. Nausea &/or vomiting 
. diarrhea 
. headache
. dizziness 
. weakness
. low BP 
. dehydration
29
Q

Tx of exertional heatstroke

A

. lower body temp ASAP
. remove clothing, cold water immersion or sponge, fans, ice packs
. activate EAP
. pt should avoid exercise for 1 week, and gradually RTP after being fully cleared by Dr.

30
Q

What is Malignant Hyperthermia

A

. rare genetic muscle disorder
. causes hypersensitivity to anesthesia & extreme exercise in hot environments
. muscle temp increases to the point of tissue breakdown
.products of breakdown may damage kidneys and cause acute renal failure
. pt complains of muscle P after exercise, rectal temp remains elevated 10-15 min post exercise
. need biopsy for Dx

31
Q

What is Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

. sudden destruction of skeletal muscle w/ leakage of myoglobin and muscle enzymes into blood.
. gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, P, darkened urine & renal dysfunction
. associated w/ ppl w/ sickle cell trait

32
Q

What is Exertional Hyponatremia

A
. Low sodium levels
. caused by ingesting too many fluids 
S&S: 
   . worsening headache, nausea/vomiting, swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, apathy, agitation 
. very low amounts can compromise CNS
33
Q

what is the average body temp

A

98.6 F or 37 C

34
Q

at what body temp does shivering stop

A

85-90 F

29.4-32.2 C

35
Q

death is imminent at what core body temp

A

77-85 F

25-29 F

36
Q

What is frost nip

A

. affects ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers & toes
. occurs with high wind or severe cold
. skin is firm, w/ cold painless areas
. skin may peel or blister in 24-72hrs

37
Q

Tx of frost nip

A

. firm sustained pressure
. blowing hot air on spot
. placing fingers in armpits
. NO RUBBING

38
Q

What are the 3 types of frostbite

A

1) chilblains
2) superficial frostbite
3) deep frostbite

39
Q

Chilblans

A

. prolonged exposure to cold (many hrs)
. skin redness, swelling, tingling and P in fingers and toes
. problems w/ peripheral circulation

40
Q

Superficial Frostbite

A

. involves only the skin & subcutaneous tissue
. skin is pale, hard, cold & waxy
. rewarm by immersing area in warm water

41
Q

Deep Frostbite

A

. tissues are frozen
. immediate hospitalization
. tissue is first cold, hard, pale/white & numb
. after rewarming is blotchy, swollen and extremely painful
. rewarm w/ hot drinks, heating pads and hot water
bottles
. tissue may become gangrenous