Chapter 6 - Diseases of the Immune System

Question 1

Components of innate immunity

Answer 1

Epithelial barriers
Phagocytes (mainly neutrophils and macrophages)
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells (lymphoid origin)
Other cells (mast cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells)
Innate lymphoid cells
Complement proteins

Question 2

Components of adaptive immunity

Answer 2

B cells
T cells
Antibodies

Question 3

Microbial structures that are shared among related microbes and are often essential for infectivity

Answer 3

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 4

Molecules released by injured and necrotic cells

Answer 4

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

Question 5

Collectively, cellular receptors that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs

Answer 5

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 6

Location of PRRs

Answer 6

Plasma membrane receptors
Endosomal receptors
Cytosolic receptors

Question 7

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Answer 7

Founding member, Toll, found in Drosophila
10 members in the TLR family
Present in PLASMA MEMBRANE and ENDOSOME

Question 8

TLRs activates 2 prominent transcription factors:

Answer 8

NF-KB - synthesizes and secretes cytokines and adhesion molecules

Interferon regulatory proteins - produces type I interferons (antiviral cytokines)

Question 9

Germline loss-of-function of TLRs

Answer 9

Severe immunodeficiency syndromes

Question 10

NOD-like receptors

Answer 10

Founding member, NOD2
Found in the CYTOSOL
Recognizes K+ efflux, uric acid, ATP release, ROS
Activates inflammasome, which activates caspase-1 to cleave IL-1 to form its active form and cause a systemic response

Question 11

Germline gain-of-function of NLRs

Increase intracelllular lipids and cholesterol

Answer 11

Autoinflammatory syndromes

Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes
Atherosclerosis

Question 12

Expressed on PLASMA MEMBRANE of macrophages and dendritic cells to detect fungal glycans and elicit inflammatory response to fungi

Answer 12

C-type Lectin Receptor (CLRs)

Question 13

Expressed in the CYTOSOL of most cell types to detect nucleic acids of viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells

Answer 13

RIG-like Receptors (RLRs)

RIG-I, founding member

Question 14

Expressed on PLASMA MEMBRANE of neutrophils, macrophages, and most leukocytes recognize bacterial peptides containing, N-FORMYLMETHIONINE RESIDUES

Answer 14

G protein-coupled Receptors

Question 15

Expressed on PLASMA MEMBRANE to recognize terminal sugars (terminal mannose residues, unlike terminal glycoproteins)

Answer 15

Mannose receptors

Question 16

Reactions of Innate Immunity

Answer 16

Inflammation
Antiviral defense (via type I interferons)
Stimulate Adaptive Immunity

Question 17

2 receptors mainly used in Adaptive Immunity

Answer 17

T-cell receptors

Antibodies

Question 18

2 types of Adaptive Immunity

Answer 18

Humoral immunity (against extracellular microbes and toxins)
Cellular immunity (against intracellular microbes)