Chapter 6 Critical Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Frames of reference dominate each organizational paradigm; Unitary

A

Emphasis on common goals.

  • Conflict is destructive and non-productive
  • Classical, human relations, human resources
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2
Q

Frames of reference dominate each organizational paradigm; Pluralist

A

Emphasis on divergent groups.

  • Conflict is normal
  • System, cultural
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3
Q

Frames of reference dominate each organizational paradigm; Radical

A

Emphasis on struggle between opposing forces for incompatible goals

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4
Q

Purpose of organizational research -

Classical, human relations, and human resources:

A

increased organizational efficiency

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5
Q

Purpose of organizational research -

Systems and cultural:

A

Understand and/or explain organizational dynamics

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6
Q

Purpose of organizational research -

Radical (critical):

A

Active role in changing organizational dynamics caused by inequalities in power

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7
Q

Roots in work of Karl Marx: repression of workers by those that control modes and means of production

A

Modes: economic conditions that underlie production processes (capitalism)
Means: actual work processes: dehumanization, alienation

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8
Q

All critical theorists agree:

A

Societal forces and structures create imbalance of power
Imbalance of power lead to oppression
Explore and reveal imbalances to free the oppressed

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9
Q

Key element of critical theory is power - Traditional:

A

Resources, status

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10
Q

Key element of critical theory is power - Symbological (interpretive):

A

Control of communication, symbols, relationships

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11
Q

Key element of critical theory is power -

Radical-critical:

A

“deep structures” (which conflict with surface structures) produce and maintain organizational power relationships through economic, social and communicative processes

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12
Q

Deep Structure

A

Unquestioned (and unquestionable) beliefs, values and assumptions of “how things really are” upon which the taken for granted surface structure rests
Happens below our awareness

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13
Q

Control of discourse:

A

Organizational reality is socially created through discourse.

Becomes the “site of domination”: control of discourse is control of power
Words: “real job,” “accident”
Narratives: “bottom line” thinking, heroes

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14
Q

Ideology is shaped by processes of control

A

“Taken for granted assumptions” that influence organizational “reality”
-What exists? What is good, possible?

Leads to “hegemony”: process in which dominant groups get subservient groups to accept the power imbalances as “normal”
-Workers become complicit in their own domination

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15
Q

Emancipation

A

freedom from the ideologies, identity issues, assumptions, power relations, etc.

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16
Q

Role of the critical theorist

A

is to reveal the “reality” to the oppressed so they can free themselves from the oppression
-Discussion of control and power; ability of all to participate in decisions

17
Q

Theory of Concertive Control:

A

new power relationships emerging from team-based organizations.

18
Q

Three concepts of “Theory of Concertive Control”:

A

Control: new form: rules and norms created by teams
Not bureaucratic-created rules and hierarchical structures

Identification: group affiliation (who do we define ourselves as?). These affect “norms”

Discipline: how groups act to maintain conformity (not management)

19
Q

Ideology of management -

A

Is upheld through the everyday practices of members.

20
Q

Feminist theories:

A

Gender issues permeate organizational life

21
Q

Feminist theories- Organizations are inherently patriarchal:

A
  • Logic, aggression, and competitiveness are male characteristics
  • Cooperation, emotion, sympathy, intuition, etc. are downplayed or seen as weak
22
Q

Feminist theories - Suggest that even organizational theorists tend to be male-biased

A

Therefore, females are marginalized

23
Q

Approaches to feminist studies - Liberal feminism:

A

Work within the systems to gain equality.

24
Q

Approaches to feminist studies - Radical feminism:

A

Freedom requires destruction of the male-oriented systems

25
Q

Approaches to feminist studies - Standpoint feminists:

A

Those at the margins have a more accurate view of reality

26
Q

Approaches to feminist studies -

Postmodern feminists:

A

Deconstruct male-dominated meaning systems