Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 100 > Chapter 6 & Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 & Chapter 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Habituation

A

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

classical conditioning

A

Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acquisition

A

Learning a phase during which a conditioned response is established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Sudden reemergence of an existing conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Renewal

A

Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Process by which the condition stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Process by which organisms display less pronounced conditioned response to the conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus with repeated we experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fetishism

A

Sexual attraction to nonliving things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Law of affect

A

Principal asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, The stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Insight

A

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Skinner box

A

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administrated and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Outcome or consequences of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Punishment

A

Outcome or a consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

Pattern of reinforcing a behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in a faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Only occasional reinforcement of the behavior, resulting in slower extinction that if the behavior has been reinforced continually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fixed radio schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Variable radio schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Shaping

A

Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that is not directly observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of how a physical space is organized

38
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by watching others

39
Q

Mirror neuron

A

Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated when an animal preforms an action or observes it being performed

40
Q

Preparedness

A

Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

41
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

42
Q

Learning style

A

An individual’s preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information

43
Q

Memory

A

Retention of information overtime

44
Q

Memory illusion

A

False but subjectively compelling memory

45
Q

Sensory memory

A

Brief storage of perceptual information before it is past to short term memory

46
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory

47
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory sensory memory

48
Q

Short term memory

A

Memory system that retains information for limited durations

49
Q

Decay

A

Fading of information from memory overtime

50
Q

Interference

A

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

51
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Interference with accusations of new information due to previous learning of information

52
Q

Proactive interference

A

Interference with accusation of new information due to previous learning of information

53
Q

Magic number

A

The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller; 7+ or -2 pieces of information

54
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory

55
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information to extend the duration of retention and short-term memory

56
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in the short term memory

57
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Linking stimulus to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

58
Q

Levels of processing

A

Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it

59
Q

Long-term memory

A

Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding or facts, experience, and skills

60
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

61
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

62
Q

Serial position curve

A

Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on the list

63
Q

Semantic memory

A

Our knowledge of facts about the world

64
Q

Episodic memory

A

Recollection of events in our world

65
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

66
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

67
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

68
Q

Priming

A

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

69
Q

Encoding

A

Process of getting information into our memory banks

70
Q

Mnemonic

A

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

71
Q

Storage

A

Process of keeping information in memory

72
Q

Schema

A

Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory

73
Q

Retrieval

A

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

74
Q

Retrieval cue

A

Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information

75
Q

Recall

A

Generating previously remembered information

76
Q

Recognition

A

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

77
Q

Relearning

A

Reacquire he knowledge that we’ve previously learned but largely forgotten overtime

78
Q

Distributed versus massed practice

A

Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)

79
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

80
Q

Encoding specificity

A

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the condition under which we encoded

81
Q

Context-dependent learning

A

Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

82
Q

State-dependent learning

A

Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same psychological or physiological state as it was during encoding

83
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Gradual strengthening of the connections i’m on neurons from repetitive stimulation

84
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory from the past

85
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

86
Q

Meta memory

A

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

87
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before and early age

88
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

89
Q

Source monitoring confusion

A

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

90
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

Failure to recognize that or ideas originate with someone else

91
Q

Suggestive memory techniques

A

Procedure that encourages patient to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

92
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Creation of fictitious memories by providing miss leading information about an event after it takes place

Psych 100 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions