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Psych 100 > Chapter 6 & Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 & Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

change in an organism’s behavior or thought as a result of experience

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2
Q

Habituation

A

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

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6
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

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7
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

acquisition

A

Learning a phase during which a conditioned response is established

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9
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Sudden reemergence of an existing conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Renewal

A

Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

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12
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

Process by which the condition stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

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13
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Process by which organisms display less pronounced conditioned response to the conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus with repeated we experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Fetishism

A

Sexual attraction to nonliving things

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17
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior

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18
Q

Law of affect

A

Principal asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, The stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future

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19
Q

Insight

A

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem

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20
Q

Skinner box

A

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administrated and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Outcome or consequences of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

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22
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

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23
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

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24
Q

Punishment

A

Outcome or a consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior

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25
Discriminative stimulus
Stimulus that signals the presence of reinforcement
26
Schedule of reinforcement
Pattern of reinforcing a behavior
27
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in a faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement
28
Partial reinforcement
Only occasional reinforcement of the behavior, resulting in slower extinction that if the behavior has been reinforced continually
29
Fixed radio schedule
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
30
Variable radio schedule
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly
31
Fixed interval schedule
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval
32
Variable interval schedule
Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
33
Shaping
Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target
34
Secondary reinforcer
Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
35
Primary reinforcer
Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior
36
Latent learning
Learning that is not directly observed
37
Cognitive map
Mental representation of how a physical space is organized
38
Observational learning
Learning by watching others
39
Mirror neuron
Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated when an animal preforms an action or observes it being performed
40
Preparedness
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value
41
Instinctive drift
Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
42
Learning style
An individual's preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information
43
Memory
Retention of information overtime
44
Memory illusion
False but subjectively compelling memory
45
Sensory memory
Brief storage of perceptual information before it is past to short term memory
46
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory
47
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory
48
Short term memory
Memory system that retains information for limited durations
49
Decay
Fading of information from memory overtime
50
Interference
Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
51
Retroactive interference
Interference with accusations of new information due to previous learning of information
52
Proactive interference
Interference with accusation of new information due to previous learning of information
53
Magic number
The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller; 7+ or -2 pieces of information
54
Chunking
Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory
55
Rehearsal
Repeating information to extend the duration of retention and short-term memory
56
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in the short term memory
57
Elaborative rehearsal
Linking stimulus to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
58
Levels of processing
Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it
59
Long-term memory
Relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding or facts, experience, and skills
60
Primacy effect
Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
61
Recency effect
Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
62
Serial position curve
Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on the list
63
Semantic memory
Our knowledge of facts about the world
64
Episodic memory
Recollection of events in our world
65
Explicit memory
Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
66
Implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
67
Procedural memory
Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
68
Priming
Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli
69
Encoding
Process of getting information into our memory banks
70
Mnemonic
A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
71
Storage
Process of keeping information in memory
72
Schema
Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory
73
Retrieval
Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
74
Retrieval cue
Hint that makes it easier for us to recall information
75
Recall
Generating previously remembered information
76
Recognition
Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
77
Relearning
Reacquire he knowledge that we've previously learned but largely forgotten overtime
78
Distributed versus massed practice
Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)
79
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
80
Encoding specificity
Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the condition under which we encoded
81
Context-dependent learning
Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
82
State-dependent learning
Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same psychological or physiological state as it was during encoding
83
Long-term potentiation
Gradual strengthening of the connections i'm on neurons from repetitive stimulation
84
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory from the past
85
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to encode new memories from our experiences
86
Meta memory
Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
87
Infantile amnesia
Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before and early age
88
Flashbulb memory
Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed
89
Source monitoring confusion
Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory
90
Cryptomnesia
Failure to recognize that or ideas originate with someone else
91
Suggestive memory techniques
Procedure that encourages patient to recall memories that may or may not have taken place
92
Misinformation effect
Creation of fictitious memories by providing miss leading information about an event after it takes place

Psych 100 (2 decks)

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