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AEBI 122 > Chapter 6 - Cells and structures > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cells and structures Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms are…?

A

all organisms are made of cells

the cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live

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2
Q

Cells are?

A

the organisms basic units of structure and function

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3
Q

what is the light microscope (LM)?

A

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye, onto photographic film or digital sensor, or onto a video screen

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4
Q

what are the two important parameters in microscopy?

A
  1. magnification

2. resolve

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5
Q

what is magnification?

A

magnification in microscopy is the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

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6
Q

what is resolution?

A

resolution is a measure of the clarity of the image; its the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two points

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7
Q

who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

what is the electron microscope (EM)?

A

forces a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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9
Q

what is cell ultrastructure?

A

used to refer to a cells anatomy by an electron microscope

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10
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopes (EM)?

A
  1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

2. Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

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11
Q

what is an SEM microscope?

A

it is useful for detailed study of the surface if a specimen, it has great depth of field, which results in an image that appears 3D

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12
Q

what is a TEM microscope?

A

used to study internal ultrastructure of cells, the image is created by the pattern of transmitted electrons . It uses electromagnets as lenses

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13
Q

what is a disadvantage of electron microscopy?

A

the methods used to prepare the specimen kills the cells , it can also specimen preparation can introduce artifacts, structural features seen in micrographs that do not exist in the living cells

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14
Q

what is cell fractionation?

A

the goal of cell fractionation is to take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another

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15
Q

what is a centrifuge?

A

can spin test tubes holding mixtures of disrupted cells at various speeds to separate them

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16
Q

what is a cystol?

A

semifluid substance in which organelles are found

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17
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

the DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, nut no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell

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18
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

the entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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19
Q

eukaryotic cells are generally?

A

eukaryotic cells are generally a lot bigger than prokaryotic cells. size is a general aspect of cell structure that relates to function

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20
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell

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21
Q

what is the flagellum?

A

organelle present in some animal cells; composed of membrane enclosed microtubules

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22
Q

what is a centrosome?

A

regions where the cell’s microtubules are initiated; in an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles (plant cells don’t have centrioles)

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23
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

reinforces cell’s shape, functions in cell movement components are made of protein (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules)

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24
Q

what is microvilli?

A

projections that increase the cells surface area

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25
Q

what is peroxisome?

A

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide

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26
Q

what is the mitochondrion?

A

organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

27
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

28
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

29
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

non-membranous organelles (small brown dots) that make proteins in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

30
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

the nucleus consists of 3 parts

  1. nuclear envelope
  2. nucleolus
  3. chromatin
31
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER

32
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

non-membranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has or more nucleoli

33
Q

what is chromatin?

A

material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell

34
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

only in plant cells; outer layer that maintains the cells shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides and proteins

35
Q

what is a plasmodesmata?

A

only in plant cells; channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells

36
Q

what is chloroplast?

A

only in plant cells; photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

37
Q

what is the nuclear lamina?

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

38
Q

what are free and bound ribosomes?

A

free ribosomes: are suspended in the cytosol

bound ribosomes: are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

39
Q

what is the endomembrane system?

A

carries out a variety of tasks in the cell

40
Q

what are vesicles?

A

sacs made of membrane

41
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

is such an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

42
Q

what are the two distinct regions of the ER?

A
  1. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

2. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

43
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER?

A

is named this because its outer surface lacks ribosomes, is responsible for various metabolic processes like the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisions

44
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum RER?

A

has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane, many types of specialized cells secrete proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the RER

45
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

46
Q

what are transport vesicles?

A

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

47
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles

48
Q

what are contractile vacuoles?

A

pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining the appropriate concentration of salts and other molecules

49
Q

what is the central vacuole?

A

prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth

50
Q

what is the tonoplast?

A

membrane enclosing the central vacuole

51
Q

what is the cristae?

A

The outer membrane of the mitochondria is smooth, but the inner membrane is convoluted, with infoldings called cristae

52
Q

what is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

which is enclosed by the inner membrane, contains many different enzymes as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

53
Q

what are thylakoids?

A

inside the chloroplast is another membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
thylakoids are stacked like poker chips, each stack is called a GRANUM
- the fluid outside the thylakoid is the STROMA

54
Q

what is actin?

A

it is a globular protein

55
Q

what is myosin?

A

myosin acts as a motor protein by means of projections that walk along the actin filaments

56
Q

what are microtubules function?

A

maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division

57
Q

what are microfilaments (actin filaments) function?

A

changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

58
Q

what are intermediate filaments function?

A

anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina

59
Q

what is the primary cell wall?

A

a young plant cell first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall

60
Q

what is the middle lamella?

A

between primary walls of adjacent cells, a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins

61
Q

what is the secondary cell wall?

A

other plant cells add a secondary cell wall between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

62
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of the Animal cells (ECM)?

A

although animal cells lack walls akin to those of plant cells, they do have an elaborate extracellular matrix
- the main ingredient of the ECM are glycoproteins secreted by the cells

63
Q

what is collagen?

A

the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM, it forms strong fibres outside the cells

AEBI 122 (6 decks)

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