Chapter 6: Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

1) The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton as well as;

Answer 1

1) Cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize or connect the bones.

Question 2

2) The skeletal system interacts with what to produce movements?

Answer 2

2) Muscles.

Question 3

3) What are the 3 Major Functions of Cartilage?

Answer 3

3) Supporting soft tissues, providing a gliding surface at articulations (joints), where two bones meet, providing a model for formation of most of the bones in the body.

Question 4

4) The human body has what three types of cartilage?

Answer 4

4) Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.

Question 5

5) Which type of cartilage is the most abundant type?

Answer 5

5) Hyaline cartilage.

Question 6

6) In what areas would you find hyaline cartilage?

Answer 6

6) Trachea, larynx, articular (joints) surfaces, epiphyseal plates.

Question 7

7) Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by a connective tissue covering called;

Answer 7

7) Perichondrium.

Question 8

8) In what type of cartilage does the extracellular matrix have numerous collagen fibers?

Answer 8

8) Fibrocartilage.

Question 9

9) What type of cartilage acts as a shock absorber, especially between vertebrae (discs), in the knee and between the pubic bones?

Answer 9

9) Fibrocartilage.

Question 10

10) What type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

Answer 10

10) Fibrocartilage.

Question 11

11) In what type of cartilage does the matrix contain highly branched elastic fibers?

Answer 11

11) Elastic Cartilage.

Question 12

12) Where would you find elastic cartilage in the body?

Answer 12

12) External ear (pinna) and epiglottis.

Question 13

13) What type of growth pattern of cartilage is growth from within?

Answer 13

13) Interstitial growth.

Question 14

14) Describe the sequence of events in the interstitial growth of cartilage.

Answer 14

14) Chondrocytes undergo mitosis, two cells are now in a single lacuna, as new cells secrete matrix, they are pushed apart, now each cells in its own lacuna, growth has occurred.

Question 15

15) What type of growth pattern of cartilage is growth on the outside edge?

Answer 15

15) Appositional growth.

Question 16

16) Bones are composed of all tissue types; True (A) or False (B)

Answer 16

16) True.

Question 17

17) What is the primary component of bone?

Answer 17

17) Osseous connective tissue.

Question 18

18) The matrix of bone is sturdy and rigid due to what process?

Answer 18

18) Calcification, or mineralization.

Question 19

19) Bones provide ___________ support and serve as a _________ for the entire body.

Answer 19

19) Structural, framework

Question 20

20) Bones also protect many delicate tissues and organs from;

Answer 20

20) Injury and trauma.

Question 21

21) Muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton contract and exert a pull on the skeleton, which then functions as a series of;.

Answer 21

21) Levers.

Question 22

22) What is blood cell production in red bone marrow?

Answer 22

22) Hemopoiesis.

Question 23

23) Where is red bone marrow located?

Answer 23

23) Spongy bone.

Question 24

24) What type of bone marrow contains stem cells that form all of the blood cell types?

Answer 24

24) Red bone marrow.

Question 25

25) More than how much of the body’s reserves of the minerals calcium and phosphate are stored and released by bone?

Answer 25

25) 90%.

Question 26

26) Calcium is an essential mineral for what body functions?

Answer 26

26) Muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission.

Question 27

27) What bone shape type has greater length than width posses an epiphysis (end) and diaphysis (shaft) and found primarily in appendicular skeleton?

Answer 27

27) Long bone.

Question 28

28) What bone shape type has equal length and width found in wrists and ankles and knee cap?

Answer 28

28) Short bone.

Question 29

29) What bone shape type has complex shapes and is found in vertebrae and skull

Answer 29

29) Irregular bone.

Question 30

30) What is the shaft (long part) of a bone that contains medullary (marrow cavity)

Answer 30

30) Diaphysis.

Question 31

31) What is the ends of bones containing spongy bone?

Answer 31

31) Epiphysis.

Question 32

32) What is the area of growth between diaphysis an epiphysis,

Answer 32

32) Metaphysis.

Question 33

33) When does the metaphysis disappear?

Answer 33

33) When growth stops.

Question 34

34) What cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage and used for shock absorption in the joints?

Answer 34

34) Articular cartilage.

Question 35

35) Medullary (marrow) cavity; contains what?

Answer 35

35) Bone marrow.

Question 36

36) What is the fibrous lining of marrow cavity that assists with bone repair after break?

Answer 36

36) Endosteum.

Question 37

37) What is the fibrous cover of bone which allows blood vessels into bone, assists with repair, and prevents organs from damaging contact with bone?

Answer 37

37) Periosteum.

Question 38

38) What are the four types of bone cells?

Answer 38

38) Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

Question 39

39) What bone cells are stem cells derived from mesenchyme which produce other stem cells and osteoblasts?

Answer 39

39) Osteoprogenitor.

Question 40

40) What bone cells produce new bone, and onceosteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce and secrete, they differentiate into osteocytes?

Answer 40

40) Osteocytes.

Question 41

41) What bone cells are mature bone cells?

Answer 41

41) Osteocytes.

Question 42

42) What bone cells are involved in bone resorption?

Answer 42

42) Osteoclasts.

Question 43

43) What process begins in the embryo and continues as the skeleton grows during childhood and adolescence?

Answer 43

43) Ossification.

Question 44

44) When the adult bones have formed, ossification stops; True (A) or False (B)

Answer 44

44) False.

Question 45

45) What type of ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones (zygomatic bone, maxilla), the mandible (lower jaw), and the central part of the clavicle (collarbone).

Answer 45

45) Intramembranous Ossification.

Question 46

46) What type of ossification begins with a hyaline cartilage model and produces most of the other bones of the skeleton, including the bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pelvis, the vertebrae, and the ends of the clavicle?

Answer 46

46) Endochondral Ossification.

Question 47

47) What is bone remodeling?

Answer 47

47) Although adult bone size has been reached, the bone continues to reshape it self throughout a persons lifetime in a constant process of bone reabsorption and deposition.

Question 48

49) What is the continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue?

Answer 48

49) Bone remodeling.

Question 49

50) What process helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids, and can be stimulated by stress on a bone?

Answer 49

50) Bone remodeling.

Question 50

51) What process occurs at both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone?

Answer 50

51) Bone remodeling.

Question 51

52) Bone is highly vascularized, especially in regions containing what substance?

Answer 51

52) Red bone marrow.

Question 52

53) What artery and the vein supply the diaphysis of a long bone?

Answer 52

53) Nutrient artery and nutrient vein supply.

Question 53

54) What body chemicals control and regulate growth patterns in bone by altering the rates of both osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

Answer 53

54) Hormones.

Question 54

55) What hormone affects bone growth by stimulating the formation of another hormone, somatomedin which is produced by the liver?

Answer 54

55)Growth hormones.

Question 55

56) Thyroid hormone stimulates bone growth; True (A) or False (B)

Answer 55

56) True.

Question 56

57) What two hormones regulate and maintain normal activity at the epiphyseal plates until puberty?

Answer 56

57) Growth hormone and thyroid hormone.

Question 57

58) What hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

Answer 57

58) Calcitonium.