Chapter 6: Building Construction Flashcards
- To establish a course of action at a fire, it is necessary to consider the interactions between what three factors?
- What is Occupancy?
- What are the four classifications of an occupancy?
- The building construction, the occupancy of the building and the contents of the building.
- Refers to how a building is used.
- Residential, Business, Health Care, Industrial.
- What are the 10 most commonly used building materials?
- Concrete has a mixture of what four materials?
- Masonry, Concrete, Steel, Aluminum, Glass, Gypsum Board, Wood, Engineered Wood Products, Platics.
- Cement, Sand, Gravel, and Water
Types Of Construction Materials:
- What three materials are non combustible?
- What is Thermal Conductivity?
- What building material is the type to conduct heat and what three materials are poor conductors of heat?
- What is a general rule of how long steel will elongate at a temperature of 1000 degrees?
- Concrete, Brick, Steel.
- Describes how readily a material will conduct heat.
- Metal, such as Steel and Aluminum. By contrast: Brick, Concrete, and Gypsum Board are poor conductors of heat.
- At a rate of 1 inch per 10ft.
Steel can lose strength and will bend or buckle. Steel will also elongate, however, if steel is restrained so that it cannot elongate, it will sag, warp or twist. Aluminum will melt.
- What three building materials make up Masonry? What is Masonry?
- What three components create Mortar?
- What are Bricks and Concrete Blocks embedded in?
Masonry materials are inherently fire resistive Fig 6-1
- Stones, Concrete Blocks, Brick. These components are usually bonded together into a solid mass with mortar.
- Mortar is produced by mixing sand, lime water, and Portland cement.
- Steel reinforcing rods known as CMU which stands for Concrete-Masonry Units. Typically pre-made.
- What’s a FireWall?
- A wall created to prevent the spread of fire from one side of the wall to the other. Fig. 6-2
- What is Concrete?
Under compression, concrete is strong and can support a great deal of weight. Under tension, however, it is weak. When this material is used in building construction, steel reinforcing rods are often embedded into the concrete to strengthen it under tension. In turn, concrete insulates distill reinforcing rods from heat. Concrete can be damaged by fire as it will SPALL.
- It is a Fire Resistive material because it does not burn or conduct heat. It is often used to insulate other building materials from fire. It is often used for foundations, columns, floors, walls, roofs, and exterior pavement.
Steel:
What’s the difference between fire resistant and non combustible?
Steel is the strongest building material and widespread use, in terms of both tension and compression. It is an alloy of iron and carbon. This material is often used in the structure framework of a building to support floor and roof assemblies. Additionally, many residential occupancies use steel studs instead of wood studs. Steel is resistant to aging and does not rot, although most types of steel will rust Unless they are protected from exposure to air and moisture.
- Failure of a steel structure depends on what three factors?
Fire Resistive construction often uses fire-resistant concrete, brick, and steel materials. Non-Combustible construction refers to building materials and techniques that do not ignite, burn, or contribute fuel to a fire.
When considered by itself, steel is not fire resistant. It will melt at extremely high temperatures, although these extra ordinary temperatures are rarely encountered as structure fires Fig 6–3. Still conducts heat well, so it tends to expand and lose strength as the temperature increases. For this reason, other materials, such as masonry, concrete, or layers of gypsum board are often used to protect steel from the heat of a fire. Sprayed on codings of mineral or cement like materials are also used to insulate steel members. The amount of heat absorbed by steel depends on the mass of the object and the amount of protection surrounding it.
- The mass of the steel components, the loads placed upon them, and the method used to connect the steel pieces.
Other Metals:
- Name four different types of metals?
- What is Copper primary used for?
- What is Zinc primarily used for?
- There are two types of iron that are used in build a construction. What are they?
- What is aluminum occasionally used as?
- Aluminum, Copper, Iron, and Zinc
- Electrical wiring and piping, and it is sometimes used for decorative roofs, gutters, and downspouts.
- Coating to protect metal parts from rust and corrosion..
- Wrought iron and cast-iron. Wrought iron is used for water pipes, rivets, and other decorative work. Cast iron is used primarily for columns and support beams.
- Structure material in building construction. It is more expensive and not as strong as steel, so its use is generally limited to light duty applications, such as awnings, siding, window frames, door frames, roof panels, and sunshades. Aluminum expands more extensively steel when heated and loses strength quickly when exposed to a fire.
Glass:
- What are five types of glass that is used for building construction?
- What is Ordinary Glass?
- What is tempered glass? What can it be broken with?
- What is laminated glass?
- What is Glass Blocks?
- What is Wired Glass?
- Ordinary Glass, Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass, Glass Blocks and Wired Glass.
- Usually breaks with a loud pop when heat exposure to one side causes it to expand and creates internal stresses that fractures the glass. The broken glass forms large shards, which usually have sharp edges.
- Much stronger than ordinary and more difficult to break figure 6–4. Temper or laminated glass usually is required installations such as storm doors to prevent injuries from shards of broken glass. Glass in vehicles are either tempered or laminated. The vehicle glass are usually used for the front and rear door windows and the rear window, which is made from tempered glass. The windshield is made from laminated glass.
- It’s made with a thin sheet of plastic between two sheets of glass figure 6–5. It’s stronger than ordinary glass, it’s difficult to break with ordinary hand tools, and will usually deform instead of breaking. When exposed to a fire, laminated glass windows are likely to crack but remain in place. It is sometimes used in buildings to help soundproof areas.
- Thick pieces of glass similar to bricks or tiles figure 6–6. They are designed to be built into a wall with mortar so that light can be transmitted through the wall. Glass blocks have limited strength and are not intended to be used as part of a load bearing wall, but they can usually withstand a fire. Some glass blocks are approved for use with fire rated mansonry walls.
- Glass that is made by molding tempered glass with a reinforcing wire mesh figure 6-7. When wire glass is subjected to heat, the wire holds the glass together to prevent it from breaking. This material often is used in fire doors and windows designed to prevent fire spread.
Gypsum:
- What is Gypsum?
- What is the three alternative names for Gypsum Board?
- What is a Storm Door?
- A naturally occurring mineral, composed of calcium sulfate, and water molecules and use to make plaster of Paris. Gypsum is a good insulator and noncombustible; it will not burn even in atmospheres of pure oxygen.
- (also call drywall, sheetrock, or plasterboard) is commonly used to cover the interior walls and ceilings of residential living areas in commercial spaces figure 6-8. Gypsum board has limited combustibility, because the paper covering will burn slowly when exposed to a fire. It does not conduct or release heat to an extent that will contribute to fire spread, so this material is often used to create a fire or to protect build components from fire. when gypsum board is heated, some of the water present in the calcium sulfate will evaporate, causing the board to deteriorate. If it is exposed to a fire for a long time, this material will fail. Water also weak and permanently damages gypsum board.
- (View Picture)
Wood:
For firefighters, the most important characteristic of wood is its high combustibility. Wood acts as fuel in a structural fire and can provide a path for the fire to spread. It ignites at fairly low temperatures and gradually becomes consumed by the fire.
- The rate at which wood ignites, Burns, and decomposes depends on five different factors. What are they?
- What is Legacy Construction?
- What is Contemporary Construction?
- (Look at Pic)
- An older type of construction that used sawn lumber and was built before 1970.
- Buildings co stricter since about 1970 that incorporate lightweight construction techniques and engineered wood components. These buildings exhibit less resistance to fire than older buildings.
Engineered Wood Products:
- (Also called manufactured board, man made board wood, or composite wood). Engineered Wood products include 4 different type of wood/boards. What are they?
- Engineer Wood is also made out of 8 materials that we used in our everyday home. What are they?
- What are the three disadvantages of using Engineering Wood?
- Plywood, Fiber-wood, Oriented Strand Board, and Particle Board.
- Roofs, Walls, Floors, Countertops, Doors, I-Joist, Trusses, and Cabinets. Held together with glue of adhesive.
- They are prone to warping and conditions of high humidity. A second disadvantage is that these products may contain toxic products, such as formaldehyde, which are introduced during manufacturing. The biggest disadvantage from a Firefighter perspective is that these products contribute to fast and fire spread, Short time to flash over and collapse, and rapid changes and fire behavior.
Fire-Retardant- Treated Wood:
Wood cannot be treated to make it completely noncombustible. Nevertheless, impregnating wood with mineral salts, makes it more difficult to ignite and slow the rate of burning. Fire retardant treatment can significantly reduce the fire hazards of wood construction. On the downside, the treatment process can reduce the strength of the wood.
In some cases, fire, retardant, treated wood, compose a danger for firefighters. Some fire retarded chemicals used to treat plywood, roofing panels, for example, caused the wood to rapidly deteriorate and weaken. The plywood may fell, necessitating the replacement of these panels. Firefighter should know whether fire retardant treated plywoodis used in the community. If it is, they should avoid standing on roofs made with these panels during the fire, because the extra extra weight could call the plywood to collapse.
Plastics:
- What is plastic?
Building exteriors may include vinyl siding, plastic window frames, plastic panel, skylights, and clear plastic paints.
- There are two plastics that are commonly used in place of glass. What are they?
- What is thermal plastic materials?
- What is thermoset materials?
- Synthetic materials that are used in a wide variety of products. They can be used for siding, window frames and interior finishes. Plastics are rarely used for structural support, however, when used to produce building products, it is often combined with other materials. Fig 6-9
- polycarbonates and acrylics. These plastics may be used for added strength and resistance against breakage plastic materials may be used as exterior or interior insulation. Plastic pipe and fittings, plastic tub, and shower enclosures, and plastic lighting fixtures are commonly used. Even carpeting and floor coverings often contain plastics. Mini plastics produce quantities of heavy, dense, dark smoke, and release high concentrations of toxic gases as they burn. This type of smoke resembles smoke from a petroleum fire, which should not be surprising, giving that most plastics are made from petroleum products.
- Are plastic materials that melt and drip when exposed to high temperatures, even those as low as 500 degrees F. Although heat can be used to shape these materials into a variety of desired forms, the dripping, burning plastic can rapidly spread a fire. By contrast Thermoset Materials 👇🏿
- Are plastic materials that are fused by heat and will not melt as the plastic burns, although their strength will decrease dramatically. The opposite of thermoplastic materials.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION:
- There are 6 types of building construction. What are they?
- What is Fire Resistive? It is mainly used for three types of buildings. What are they?
Although type 1 construction is designed to give firefighters time to conduct an interior attack, it can be very difficult to extinguish the fire in a type 1 building. A fire that is fully contained within fire. Resistive construction can be very hot and difficult to ventilate because the burning contents may produce copious quantities of heat and smoke. For this reason, resistive, construction, and modern high-rise buildings is typically combined with an automatic fire detection system, and automatic sprinklers. Under extreme fire conditions, type one building can collapse. Even so, these buildings have a much lower potential for structural failure than do other buildings.
- Fire Resistive, Non-Combustible, Ordinary, Heavy Timber, Wood-frame, Hybrid Building Construction.
- The most fire resistive category of building construction. It is used for buildings designed for large numbers of people, buildings with a highlife, safety, hazard, tall buildings, large area, buildings, and buildings contain a special hazards. Commonly found in schools, hospitals, and high-rise buildings. All of the structural members and components used in type one construction must be made of noncombustible materials, such as steel, concrete, or gypsum board. Destruction must be constructed or protected so that it has at least two hours of fire resistance. If a type one building exceeds specific height and area limitations, coach generally required the use of fire resistant walls, and or floors to subdivide it into compartments. A compartment might consist of a single floor in a high-rise building or a part of a floor and a large area building. In one compartment should not spread to any other parts of the building. To ensure that fire is contained, Stairways, elevator shafts, and utility shafts should be enclosed and construction that prevents fire from spreading from floor to floor or from compartment to compartment. Type one typically use reinforced concrete and protected steel frame construction. Reinforced concrete can fail, however, if it is subjected to a fire for a long period of time or if the building contents, create an extreme fire load. Its tendency to lose strength in the face of high temperatures, structural steel framing must be protected from the heat of a fire. In type one construction, the structure steel members are generally encased in concrete, shielded by a fire, resistive ceiling, covered with multiple layers of gypsum board, or protected by a sprayed on insulating material figure 6-11.
Type 2 Construction: Noncombustible:
All of the structural components in a type two building must be made of noncombustible materials, the fire resistant requirements, however, or less stringent for type two construction than for type one construction. In some cases, no fire resistance requirements apply to the building. In other cases, known as protected, noncombustible construction, a fire resistance rating of one or two hours may be required for certain elements.
Mal combustible construction is most common and single-story warehouse or factory buildings. We are vertical fire spread is not an issue. Unprotected construction of this type is generally limited to maximum of two stories. Some multi story buildings are constructed and protected, combustible construction.
- What in the most common structural material for a type two construction?
- What is a typical example of a type 2 building?
- Steel is the most common, structural material and type two buildings. Insulating materials can be applied to distilled when fire resistance is required.
- A large area, single-story building with a steel frame, metal or concrete, black walls, and a metal roof deck. Firewalls are sometimes used to subdivide these large area buildings and prevent catastrophic losses. Undivided floor areas must be protected with automatic sprinklers to limit the fire risk.
Fire severity in this type two building is determined by the contents of the building, because the structural components contribute to no fuel and interior finish materials are limited.
Type 3 Construction: Ordinary:
Also referred to as ordinary construction because it is used and a wide variety of buildings, ranging from commercial strip malls to small apartment buildings figure 6–13. Usually limited to buildings of no more than four stories, but it can sometimes be found in buildings as tall as 6 to 7 stories.
Type three buildings have masonry exterior walls, which supports the floors and the roof structure. The interior consist of wood. And most ordinary construction, gypsum board or plaster is used as an interior finish material, covering the wood framework and providing minimal fire protection.
- A type three construction has two separate fire loads. What are they?
- The contents and the combustible building materials used.
Fortunately, most fires originate with the building contents, and are extinguished before the flames ignite the type three structure. Once the fire extends into the structure and begins to consume the fuel within the walls and above the ceilings, it becomes much more difficult to control and prone to roof or floor collapse.
The void spaces in a type three construction, allow a fire to extend vertically and horizontally, spreading from room to room and from floor to floor.
Type 4 Construction: Heavy Timber:
Has exterior walls that consist of masonry, construction, and interior walls, columns, beams, floor, assemblies, and roof structure that are made of wood. The exterior walls are usually brick and are extra thick to support the weight of the building and it’s contents. The wood used and type 4 construction is much heavier than type 3 construction, which is more difficult to ignite and will withstand fire for a much longer time before the building collapses.
Heavy timber construction, if it meets building codes, has no concealed spaces or voids. This helps reduce the horizontal and vertical fire spread that often occurs in ordinary construction buildings. Unfortunately, many heavy timber buildings do contain vertical openings for elevators, stairs, or machinery, which can provide a path for a fire to travel from one floor to another.
Many type four construction buildings have been converted into small shops, galleries, office buildings, and residential occupies. These conversions tend to divide the open spaces into smaller compartments and create spaces within the structure. Appropriate fire protection, and life safety features, such as modern sprinkler systems, must be built into the conversions to ensure the safety of occupants.
Type 5 Construction: Wood Frame:
Take five construction is used, not only in one and two family, dwellings and small commercial buildings, but also in largest structures such as apartment and condominium complexes and office buildings up to four stories and height. Type 5 buildings usually creates voids and channels that allow a fire within the structure to spray quickly.
- Two systems are used to assemble woodframe buildings. What are they?
Woodframe buildings might be covered with wood siding, vinyl, siding, aluminum siding, brick, veneer, or stucco. However, the covering on a building does not reflect the type of construction of that building. Just because you see a brick covering, does not mean that the building is constructed of solid brick walls. it is imperative that a collapse zone be set up around a burning building.
- Balloon frame construction, and platform frame construction.
Hybrid Building Construction:
- What is Hybrid Building Construction?
- Buildings that do not fit entirely into any of the five construction types because they incorporate building materials of more than one type, such as wooden beams and steel columns.
Foundations:
- What is the primary purpose of a buildings foundation?
- What is a Dead load?
- What is a Live load?
- To transfer the weight of the building and it’s contents to the ground Figure 6–19. The foundation ensures that the base of the building is planted firmly in a fixed location, which helps keep all other components connected. Usually constructed of Concrete or Masonry, although Wood Pilings may be used in some areas. Foundations, can either be shallow or deep, depending on the type of building in the soil composition. Some buildings are built on concrete, footings or peers, and others are supported using steel piles or wooden post, driven into the ground.
When examining a building, take a close look at the foundation. Look for the cracks that indicate movement of the foundation. If the building had the modified or remodel, look for areas where the support could be compromised.
- The weight of the building itself.
- The weight of the buildings contents.
Floors and Ceilings:
Fire-Resistive Floors: In multistory buildings, floors and ceilings are generally considered as a combined structural system, that supports a floor, also supports the ceiling of the story below. In a Fire resistant building, the system is designed to prevent a fire from spreading vertically and to prevent a collapse when a fire occurs in the space below the floor/ceiling assembly.
Concrete floors are common and fire resistive construction. Concrete floors can be either self-supporting or supported by a system of steel beams or trusses. The steel from a fire resistant building can be protected by spray on insulating materials or cover with concrete or gypsum board. The selling below, if I ever resist the floor can be constructed from plaster or gypsum board, or it can be a system of tiles suspended from from the floor structure.
In many cases, a voice space between the ceiling and the floor above it contains build systems and equipment, such as electrical or telephone wiring, heating and air conditioning ducts, And plumbing a fire sprinkler system pipes figure 6–20. If the space above the ceiling is not subdivided by fire resistant partitions or protected by automatic, sprinklers, if fire can quickly extend horizontally across a large area.
Roofs:
- There are three major components of a roof assembly. What are they?
- There are four common types of roof supports. What are they?
- Solid beam construction uses four solid components to support the roof. What are they?
- The supporting structure, the roof decking, and the roof covering. Fig 6-21
- Solid beams of wood, steel, concrete or a system of trusses.
3.Girders, Beams, and rafters (solid wood joist mounted in an incline position).
Roofs:
- There are three major components of a roof assembly. What are they?
- There are four common types of roof supports. What are they?
- Solid beam construction uses four solid components to support the roof. What are they?
- The supporting structure, the roof decking, and the roof covering. Fig 6-21
- Solid beams of wood, steel, concrete or a system of trusses.
3.Girders, Beams, and rafters (solid wood joist mounted in an incline position).
- What are girders?
- What are Beams?
- Yes, there is a difference between a girder and a beam, and that difference is simply size. Girders are large horizontal beams that act as the primary support for a building, to which all other smaller beams are connected, forming the structure’s “skeleton.” That’s the easiest way to picture the difference: girders are oversized beams. In fact, all girders are beams, but not all beams are girders.
- Beams are structural components that help transport loads from the slab to the columns. This indicates that transfer beams are set up to transfer the weight from one load-bearing wall to another. They are usually horizontal structural members. A beam’s function is to support walls and prevent overloading a concrete slab. In construction, beams are used to reinforce columns, resulting in an ideal distribution of the bending force in the beams and less bending in the columns.
- What are slabs in construction?
- What are Rafters in construction?
- Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful surfaces such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so. Commonly, slabs are supported by beams, columns (concrete or steel), walls, or the ground.
Breakdown of each Component: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/slab-beam-column-footing-construction/24934/?amp=1
- Rafters are a series of sloped structural pieces that will extend from a ridge area to the plate of a wall or an eave. They are used to support the load of the building, especially the roof area.
- What is a Truss in construction?
- Roofs are constructed in three primary designs. What are they?
- There are five main variations of pitched roofs. What are they?
- A truss (Often called Open Web Joist) is a web-like roof design of wood or steel that uses tension and compression to create strong, light components that can span a long distance. The sides are in compression and the bottom is in tension to resist being pulled apart. Engineers design trusses to withstand the three types of loads associated with a building:
Live loads: Transient forces within the building include people, furniture, appliances, and cars.
Dead loads: Permanent loads like beams, walls, and flooring comprise the structure of a building.
Environmental loads: Forces like wind, rain, or snow act laterally against the building.
- Pitch roof, curved roof, and flat roof.
- Gable roof, hip roof, mansard roof, Gambrel roof, and Lean to roofs. Figure 6–22.
Pitched roofs are usually supported by either rafters or trusses. Pitched roofs supported by rafters usually have solid wood boards as the roof decking.
Modern lightweight construction uses manufactured wood trusses to construct most pitched roofs.
Many lightweight trusses are manufactured using metal gusset plates that penetrate the wood no more than ⅜ in. (1 cm) and tie the chords and members of the truss together. The decking usually consists of thin plywood or a sheeting material such as wood particleboard.
When trusses and decking are exposed to heat and fire, they often fail after a short period of time with no prior warning. Fire fighters cannot work safely on this type of roof when the supporting structures become involved in a fire.
Steel trusses also are used to support pitched roofs. The fire resistance of steel trusses is directly related to how well the steel is protected from the heat of the fire.
Several roof-covering materials are used on pitched roofs, usually in the form of shingles or tiles (FIGURE 6-23).
Shingles are generally durable, economical, and easily repaired. A shingle roof that has aged and deteriorated should be removed completely and replaced. Some older buildings may have newer layers of shingles on top of older layers, which can make it difficult to cut an opening for ventilation.
Roofing tiles are usually made from clay or concrete products. Clay tiles, which have been used for roofing since ancient times, can be either flat or rounded.
Rounded clay tiles are sometimes called mission tiles. Clay tiles are both durable and fire resistant.
Slate tiles are produced from thin sheets of rock. Slate is an expensive, long-lasting roofing material, but it is brittle and becomes slippery when wet. Slate tiles also pose a threat to fire fighters below when a pitched roof is being ventilated, because falling tiles can become airborne missiles.
Curved Roofs:
- What 7 main establishments are curved roofs often used for?
Flat Roofs:
- What 7 main establishments are flat roofs often used for?
- Supermarkets, warehouses, industrial buildings, arenas, auditoriums, bowling alleys, churches, and airplane hangers.
- Houses, apartment buildings, shopping centers, warehouses, factories, schools, and hospitals figure 6–24.
Trusses:
- What are the three commonly used Trusses?
Parallel Chord Truss: Had two parallel horizontal members connected by a system of diagonal and sometimes vertical members. With a Parallel Chord Truss, the top and bottom members are called chords and the connecting pieces are called the web members. Typically used to support flat roofs or floors.
- Parallel Chord Truss, Pitched Chord Truss, and Bowstring Truss.
Bowstring Truss: Has the same shape as an archery Fig 6-29
Walls: you have loadbearing walls and you have nonbearing walls for 6–31. A loadbearing wall supports a portion of both the buildings weight (Dead Load) and it’s contents (Live Load), transmitting that load down to the buildings foundation. Damaging or removing a loadbearing wall can result in a partial or total collapse of the building.
Many nonbearing walls are interior partitions that divide the building into rooms and spaces. The exterior walls of a building can be nonbearing when a system of column support the building.
- In addition to loadbearing and nonbearing walls, there are seven specialized walls that may be used in construction. What are they?
- • Party Walls: are constructed on the line between two properties and are shared by a building on each side of the line. They are almost always loadbearing walls. A party wall is often but not always constructed as a firewall between the two properties.
• Fire Walls: are designed to limit the spread of fire from one side of the wall to the other side. A firewall might divide a large building into sections or separate two attached buildings. They usually extend from the foundation up to and through the roof of a building. They are constructed of fire resistant materials and may be fire rated.
• Fire Barrier Walls: our interior walls that extend from a floor to the underside of the floor above. They often enclose fire rated interior corridors, or a floor area into separate compartments.
• Fire Seperations: our fire rated assemblies that enclosed interior of vertical openings, such as stairwells, elevator shafts, and chases for building utilities figure 6–33 (find picture on next card). A fire separation prevents fire and smoke from spreading from floor to floor via the vertical opening. In multi-story buildings, Fire separations also protect the occupants when they are using the exit stairways.
• Curtain Walls: Are nonbearing exterior walls attached to the outside of the building. These walls often serve as the exterior skin on a steel frame high-rise building figure 6–34. (See pic on other card)
Fire Separations
Curtain Wall
Exterior Finishes and Siding:
Brick veneer siding is popular for wood frame residentials, garden apartments, and smaller commercial buildings in areas where brick is economical figure 6–37
Even though the building has an outer layer of brick or stone, Fire Fighter should never assume that the exterior walls are masonry. Many buildings that look like masonry are actually constructed using wood frame technique and materials. If the wood structure is damaged during a fire, this veneer is likely to collapse.
Preincident Planning and Incident Size up:
Great questions to ask during preincident planning:
1. Which type of building construction is present?
2. Which type of occupancy is this building?
3. What type of contents does it contain?
4. Which type of support do the floors have?
5. Is it safe to climb on the roof?
6. Does the roof include photo-voltaic solar panels or grow areas?
7. Does the building contain roof, trusses, floor, trusses, or manufactured would eye joist that might collapse suddenly
8. Which types of fire detection and fire suppression systems are installed in the building?
An excellent way to identify building construction is to inspect the building multiple times while it is being built. Your preplanning will be greatly advanced by this exercise.
After Action Review
Key Terms:
