chapter 6 bone tissue and the skeletal system Flashcards
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
articular cartilage
hard dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
bone
where two bone surfaces meet
articulation
channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that is used to communicate and revieve nurients
canaliculi
or
singular= canaliculus
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the haversian canal
central canal
manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery
closed reduction
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
compact bone
tubularshaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of long bone
diaphysis
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between the two layers of compact bone found in flat bones
diploë
delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity
Endosteum
completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
epiphyseal plate
wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow
epiphysis
collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture
external callus
thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
flat bone
broken bone
fracture
blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
fracture hematoma
production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
hematopoiesis
opening or depression in a bone
hole
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
HYPERcalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
HYPOcalcemia
fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
internal callus
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
intramembranous ossification
bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
irregular bone
spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
lacunae
(singular=lacuna)
cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide, functions as a lever
long bone
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
medullary cavity
process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
modeling
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
nutrient foramen
surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture
open reduction
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
orthopedist
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
osseous tissue
bone formation
ossification
(also, osteogenesis)
cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
ossification center
cell responsible for forming new bone
osteoblast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
osteoclast
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
osteogenic cell
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
osteoid
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
osteon
disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
osteoporosis
(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
perforating canal
membrane that covers cartilage
perichondrium
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
periosteum
region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification
primary ossification center
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
projection
region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
proliferative zone
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
red marrow
process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
remodeling
region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis
reserve zone
region of bone development in the epiphyses
secondary ossification center
small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
sesamoid bone
cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
short bone
organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
skeletal system
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
spongy bone
spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
trabeculae
(singular = trabecula)
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
yellow marrow
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
zone of maturation and hypertrophy
what word means “ Bone builder”
osteoblasts
what process turns osteoblasts in to osteocytes
ossification
what word means “bone cells”
osteocytes
where are osteocytes located
inside the lacunae
replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus
endochondral ossification
what word means cartilage builder
chondroblast
what word means “cartilage cells”
chondrocytes
the cartilage in between the epiphysis and diaphysis ( this is where the bones grow by length)
growth plates
“bone Breakdown” has enzymes in them to create a “tunnel” inside of the bone, this also decreases weight of your bone
osteoclasts
to get larger
hypertrophy
