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Human A&P > Chapter 6: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

how many important functions does the skeletal system have?

A

six

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2
Q

the skeletal system has six important functions:
1. Provides ________ by acting as a structural framework a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments.
2. _________ the internal organs (brain, chest, etc.).
3. Assist body ____________ (in conjunction with muscles).
4. Store and release salts of ________ and ______________.
5. Participate in _______ ____ ____________ (hematopoiesis)
6. Store ___________ in adipose cells of yellow marrow.

A

support, protect, movements, calcium, phosphorus, blood cell production, triglycerides

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3
Q

T/F: bone is a dynamic tissue – it is always remodeling (building up and breaking down).

A

true

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4
Q

a highly vascularized connective tissue with a hard mineralized extracellular matrix

A

bone

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5
Q

how many arrangements is bone found in in the body?

A

two

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6
Q

what two arrangements is bone found in in the body?

A

compact and spongy

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7
Q

T/F: the skeletal system is made up of one type of tissue.

A

false

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8
Q

also known as osseus tissue

A

bone

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9
Q

name the two major tissues of the skeletal system.

A

bone and cartilage

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10
Q

the skeletal system is associated with ___________, ________, and _______.

A

ligaments, tendons, joints

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11
Q

which is stronger: compact or spongy bone?

A

compact bone

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12
Q

bone that is good at providing protection and support

A

compact bone

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13
Q

compact bone forms the ____________ of long bones.

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

compact bone forms the _________ ______ of all bones.

A

external layer

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15
Q

bone that is lightweight and provides tissue support

A

spongy bone

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16
Q

give two other terms for spongy bone.

A

trabecular or cancellous bone

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17
Q

spongy bone forms much of the __________ and the __________ _______ of long bones.

A

epiphysis, medullary cavity

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18
Q

poorly vascularized, connective tissue with a matrix, composed of chondroitin sulfate and various fibers

A

cartilage

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19
Q

how many types of cartilage are there?

A

three

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20
Q

cartilage consisting of a gel-like ground substance and appears bluish white in the body, is found in the embryonic skeleton, at the end of bones, and in the nose and in respiratory structures; it is flexible, allows movement, provides support, and is usually surrounded by a perichondrium

A

hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

cartilage that is found in the pubic symphysis, invertebral discs, and menisci (cartilage pads) of the knee joint; it contains chondrocytes scattered among clearly visible bundles of collagen fibers

A

fibrous cartilage

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22
Q

cartilage that maintains the shape of organs such as the epiglottis of the larynx, auditory tubes, and external ear; its chondrocytes are located within a threadlike network of elastic fibers, and it has a perichondrium

A

elastic cartilage

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23
Q

how many types of cells does bone contain?

A

four

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24
Q

what are the four types of bone cells?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoplast, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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25
Q

bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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26
Q

bone building cells that synthesize and secrete, collagen, fibers and other organic components

A

osteoblasts

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27
Q

mature osteoblasts (maintenance)

A

osteocytes

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28
Q

bone cells that remodel bones and cause them to release calcium through a process called bone resorption

A

osteoclasts

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29
Q

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

A

bone resorption

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30
Q

besides bone and cartilage, the skeletal system contains other important tissues. name four of them.

A

epithelium (endothelium (form capillary walls)) nerves (periosteum, especially tender), red marrow (hematopoiesis), yellow marrow (fat storage)

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31
Q

what percentage of bone is made of water?

A

25%

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32
Q

what percentage of bone is made of organic proteins?

A

25%

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33
Q

what percentage of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite crystals) is bone made of?

A

50%

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34
Q

what is the organic constituent of bone?

A

collagen fibers

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35
Q

in bone, collagen, fibers provide _________ and _______ _________.

A

flexibility, tensile strength

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36
Q

name the inorganic constituents of bone.

A

calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate (both hydroxyapatite crystals), magnesium, fluoride, sulfate

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37
Q

name the nine parts of a long bone.

A

diaphysis, epiphyses (2), metaphyses (2), articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum

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38
Q

bone shaft

A

diaphysis

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39
Q

both ends of the bone at the joints

A

epiphyses

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40
Q

region between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphyses

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41
Q

cartilage covering both epiphyses

A

articular cartilage

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42
Q

connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis

A

periosteum

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43
Q

hollow space within diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

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44
Q

thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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45
Q

a space within the diaphysis of the long bones that contains fatty yellow, bone marrow in adults

A

medullary cavity

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46
Q

a membrane that lines the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

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47
Q

the endosteum is composed of ______, ___________ connective tissue and contains ____________ and ____________.

A

dense, irregular, osteoclasts, osteoblasts

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48
Q

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of bones

A

articular cartilage

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49
Q

found where the bone forms in articular (joint) surface – where one bone moves against another bone

A

articular cartilage

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50
Q

a dense a regular connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage

A

perichondrium

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51
Q

cells that form cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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52
Q

T/F: many of the major bones are formed from cartilage (the remainder do not go through a cartilaginous stage).

A

true

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53
Q

tough sheath of dense, irregular, connective tissue on the outside of the bone

A

periosteum

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54
Q

the periosteum contains one of the four types of bone cells….which one does it contain?

A

osteoblasts

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55
Q

the periosteum contains one of the four types of bone cells….which one does it contain?

A

osteoblasts

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56
Q

bone cells that help the bone grow in thickness (oppositional growth), but not in length

A

osteoblasts

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57
Q

the periosteum also assists with _________ _______ and serves as an attachment point for ________ and ____________.

A

fracture repair, tendons, ligaments

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58
Q

layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of 4 zones

A

epiphyseal growth plate

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59
Q

in adolescents, through the end of active growth, the epiphysis of the long bones contains hyaline cartilage and forms an ___________ ______ ______.

A

epiphyseal growth plate

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60
Q

the growth plate is always actively dividing and causing the bone to ________ from each end.

A

elongate

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61
Q

T/F: in adults, the epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present, and elongation of bones has stopped

A

true

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62
Q

the calcified bone that replaces the cartilage/epiphyseal growth plate in adults

A

epiphyseal line

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63
Q

the epiphyseal line is visible __________ and on __-____.

A

externally, x-rays

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64
Q

T/F: compact bone contains calls osteons.

A

true

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65
Q

T/F: compact bone contains units called osteons.

A

true

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66
Q

the basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central canal with its concentrically arranged bone lamellae, bone lacunae, osteocytes, and bone canaliculi; also called a haversian system

A

osteons

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67
Q

circular plates of mineralized/calcified extracellular matrix of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the osteonic canal

A

concentric bone lamellae

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68
Q

fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth

A

interstitial bone lamellae

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69
Q

the circumferential bone lamellae that line the medullary cavity

A

inner circumferential lamellae

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70
Q

the circumferential bone lamellae directly deep to the periosteum

A

outer circumferential lamellae

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71
Q

small spaces between the lamellae which house osteocytes

A

lacunae

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72
Q

small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae

A

canaliculi

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73
Q

blood and lymphatic vessels are found in the _______ ________ ______.

A

osteon’s central canal

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74
Q

a minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone

A

volkmann’s canals

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75
Q

do spongy bones have osteons?

A

no

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76
Q

irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue; fibrous cord of connective tissue serving as supporting fiber by forming a septum extending into an organ from its wall or capsule

A

trabeculae

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77
Q

trabeculae of spongy bone support and protect the ____ _____ _______ and are oriented along lines of stress (helps bones resist stresses without breaking)

A

red bone marrow

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78
Q

T/F: hematopoiesis (blood cell production)occurs in spongy bone

A

true

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79
Q

within each trabecula of spongy bone are _________.

A

lacunae

80
Q

as in compact bone, _______ contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the trabeculae.

A

lacunae

81
Q

the interior of long bones is made up primarily of
_______ bone.

A

spongy

82
Q

the use of spongy bone lessens overall bone _______.

A

weight

83
Q

periosteal veins are accompanied by __________ _____.

A

periosteal arteries

84
Q

the use of spongy bone lessens overall bone weight

A

periosteal arteries

85
Q

periosteal arteries (accompanied by nerves) enter the diaphysis through __________ ______.

A

Volkmann’s canals

86
Q

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient
foramen

A

nutrient artery

87
Q

hole in which the nutrient artery enters and they nutrient vein exits

A

nutrient foramen

88
Q

the __________ and _________ also have their own arteries and veins.

A

metaphyses, epiphyses

89
Q

accompany the blood vessels (this is often the case) in bone

A

nerves

90
Q

the periosteum is rich in ________ ______, and is therefore, sensitive to tearing or tension

A

sensory nerves

91
Q

the process of forming new bone

A

ossification or osteogenesis

92
Q

bone formation occurs in four situations:
* Formation of bone in an ________
* Growth of bones until ___________
* Remodeling of ______
* Repair of __________

A

embryo, adulthood, remodeling, fractures

93
Q

how many different methods can ossification occur through? name them.

A

two. intra-membranous and endochondral

94
Q

ossification begins around the ___ ______ ___ _________ __________

A

6th week of embryonic development

95
Q

ossification that produces spongy bone that may subsequently be remodeled to form compact bone

A

intra-membranous ossification

96
Q

ossification whereby cartilage is replaced by bone; forms both compact and spongy bone

A

endochondral ossification

97
Q

which method of ossification is simpler?

A

intra-membranous ossification

98
Q

method of ossification that is used in forming all bones of the skill and the clavicle

A

intra-membranous ossification

99
Q

with intra-membranous ossification, bone forms from ___________ _____ that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stag

A

mesenchymal cells

100
Q

T/F: intra-membranous ossification has many ossification centers.

A

false

101
Q

the method of ossification that is used in the formation of most bones, especially long bones

A

endochondral ossification

102
Q

endochondral ossification involves the replacement of _______.

A

cartilage

103
Q

how many primary centers of growth come with endochondral ossification? how many primary centers of growth come with endochondral ossification?

A

one primary and two secondary

104
Q

growth from within, as in the growth of cartilage; also called endogenous growth.

A

interstitial growth

105
Q

how many major events does growth in length of long bones involve?

A

two

106
Q

the growth in length of long bones involves two major events:
1. growth of ________ ___ ____ ___________ ______
2. replacement of cartilage by _____ ______ in the epiphyseal plate

A

cartilage on the epiphyseal plate, bone tissue

107
Q

name the four zones of the epiphyseal growth plate.

A

resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage

108
Q

zone where the cells do not function in bone growth, they anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis of long bone.

A

zone of resting cartilage

109
Q

zone where slightly larger chondrocytes arranged like stacks of coin

A

zone of proliferating cartilage

110
Q

with the zone of proliferating cartilage, the chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth as they ______ and _______ ____________ ______.

A

divide, secrete extracellular matrix

111
Q

zone that consists of large maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns

A

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

112
Q

zone responsible for the transition from cartilage to bone

A

zone of calcified cartilage

113
Q

in the zone of calcified cartilage, lysis of _____________ & ____________ begin in order to lay down matrix.

A

chondrocytes, osteoblasts

114
Q

this zone becomes ‘new diaphysis’ that is firmly attached to the rest of the diaphysis.

A

zone of calcified cartilage

115
Q

____________ dissolve the calcified cartilage, and ____________ invade the area, laying down bone matrix

A

osteoclasts osteoblasts

116
Q

the activity of the epiphyseal plate is the way bone can increase in length.

A

epiphyseal plate

117
Q

results in adults when the epiphyseal plates close and bone replaces all the cartilage

A

epiphyseal line

118
Q

bones grow in thickness at the outer surface by ____________ ______.

A

appositional growth

119
Q

T/F: bone forms before birth and continually renews itself.

A

true

120
Q

name the two methods by which the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue can occur.

A

bone deposition and bone resorption

121
Q

the addition of minerals & collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

A

bone deposition

122
Q

removal of minerals & collagen fibers from bone
by osteoclasts

A

bone resorption

123
Q

T/F: old bone is never destroyed, therefore there’s no need for new bone to form throughout an individual’s life

A

false

124
Q

as osteoblasts deposit _____ on the outer surface,
osteoclasts widen the __________ ______ from within (bone formation)

A

bone, medullary cavity

125
Q

what age is ossification contributing to bone length usually complete by?

A

18-21 years

126
Q

T/F: bones can still continue to thicken and are capable of repair even after the epiphyseal growth plates have closed.

A

true

127
Q

a balance must exist between the actions of __________ and ___________.

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

128
Q

if too much new tissue is formed, the bones become abnormally _____ and _______.

A

thick, heavy

129
Q

if too much new tissue is formed, a person can develop one of two conditions…name them.

A

acromegaly and gigantism

130
Q

occurs after closing of the epiphyseal plate

A

acromegaly

131
Q

occurs before the closing of the plate

A

gigantism

132
Q

excessive calcium loss weakens the bones, as occurs in ___________ (especially women in menopause).

A

osteoporosis

133
Q

a vitamin d deficiency may cause bones to become too “soft”, as seen in the bone diseases, _______ and ____________

A

rickets, osteomalacia

134
Q

name the three factors affecting bone growth.

A

minerals, vitamins, hormones

135
Q

bone contains large amounts of _________ and _____________. additionally, smaller amounts of ____________, ________, and ____________ are required for bone growth and remodeling

A

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese

136
Q

vitamin that stimulates activity of osteoblasts

A

A

137
Q

vitamin that is needed for synthesis of collagen

A

C

138
Q

vitamin that is essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

A

D

139
Q

active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

140
Q

vitamins needed for the synthesis of bone proteins

A

K and B12

141
Q

hormones are key contributors to normal bone ____________.

A

metabolism

142
Q

name the two hormones most important to bone growth during childhood.

A

human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor

143
Q

hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes general growth of all body tissues, including bone, mainly by stimulating the production of insulin-like growth factors.

A

human growth hormone

144
Q

hormone secreted by the liver, bones, and other tissues on stimulation by growth hormone; promotes normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and by increasing the synthesis of proteins needed to build new bone

A

insulin-like growth factor

145
Q

secreted by thyroid gland; promote normal bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts

A

thyroid hormones

146
Q

secreted by the pancreas; promotes normal bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins

A

insulin

147
Q

name the two sex hormones responsible for affecting bone growth.

A

estorgen and testosterone

148
Q

sex hormone secreted by the ovaries in women

A

estrogen

149
Q

sex hormone secreted by the testes in men

A

testosterone

150
Q

sex hormones stimulate the osteoblasts and promote the sudden “_______ _____” that occurs during the teenage years

A

growth spurt

151
Q

sex hormones shut down growth at the ___________ _______ around age 18–21, causing lengthwise growth of bone to end

A

epiphyseal plates

152
Q

sex hormones contribute to bone remodeling during adulthood by slowing bone __________ by osteoclasts and promoting bone __________ by osteoblasts.

A

resorption, deposition

153
Q

hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that promotes bone resorption by osteoclasts, enhances recovery of calcium ions from urine, and promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol)

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

154
Q

hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts

A

calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)

155
Q

PTH stimulates osteoclastic activity and raises serum _______ levels.

A

calcium

156
Q

T/F: calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin), and to a lesser extent hGH and the sex hormones, stimulate osteoblastic activity and lower serum calcium level

A

true

157
Q

Vitamin D is needed for the absorption of the ____ and _____ ions from the small intestine, and reabsorption of those same ions in the kidneys

A

Ca2+, PO4–

158
Q

bones store ____ of the body’s calcium.

A

99%

159
Q

the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid
hormone (PTH) when _______ levels drop.

A

calcium

160
Q

___________ are stimulated to increase bone
resorption and calcium is released. PTH also stimulates the production of ________ by the kidneys to increase calcium absorption in the intestines.

A

osteoclasts, calcitriol

161
Q

when broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

A

open (compound) fracture

162
Q

when broken ends of a bone do not break the skin

A

closed (simple) fracture

163
Q

the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments

A

comminuted fracture

164
Q

partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends, similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole, but bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material

A

greenstick fracture

165
Q

fracture that is all the way through the bone

A

complete fracture

166
Q

fracture where one part is shoved up into the another

A

impacted fracture

167
Q

type of broken bone that twists around your bone and looks like a corkscrew

A

spiral fracture

168
Q

type of broken bone that runs horizontally perpendicular to your bone

A

transverse fracture

169
Q

when the pieces of bone move so much that a gap forms around the fracture when your bone breaks

A

displaced fracture

170
Q

means the pieces of your bone moved so much that a gap formed around the fracture when your bone broke

A

Pott fracture

171
Q

fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.

A

Colles fracture

172
Q

the vertebral body of one or more vertebrae fractures and becomes compressed into a wedge-shape. May be caused by injury, trauma, or more commonly in individuals with osteoporosis.

A

vertebral compression fracture

173
Q

a break in a bone

A

fracture

174
Q

the healing process of a fracture involves __ different phases in __ steps.

A

3, 4

175
Q

name the three phases of fracture repair.

A

reactive, reparative, bone remodeling

176
Q

name the four steps of fracture repair.

A

fracture hematoma forms (reactive), fibrous cartilage forms (reparative), bony callus forms (reparative), bone remodeling

177
Q

an early inflammatory phase of fracture repair

A

reactive phase

178
Q

phase that includes the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second

A

reparative phase

179
Q

the last phase of fracture repair

A

bone remodeling phase

180
Q

under mechanical stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through deposition of ________ ____ and production of ________ _____ by osteoblasts. unstressed bones, on the other hand, become weaker

A

mineral salts, collagen fibers

181
Q

astronauts in space suffer rapid loss of bone densit

A

bone density

182
Q

the main mechanical stresses on bone are those that result from the pull of ________ _______ and the pull of _______ (weight-bearing activities)

A

skeletal muscles, gravity

183
Q

from birth through __________, more bone is produced than is lost during remodeling. in adults, the rates are the same.

A

adolescence

184
Q

older individuals, especially post-menopausal women, experience a decrease in _____ ____ when resorption outpaces deposition.

A

bone mass

185
Q

a decrease in bone mass occurs as the level of ____ _________ diminishes during middle age (especially in women after menopause). bone resorption by osteoclasts outpaces bone deposition by osteoblasts.
since female bones are generally smaller and less massive than males to begin with, old age has a greater adverse effect in females.

A

sex hormones

186
Q

what are the two principal effects of aging on bone tissue?

A

loss of bone mass and brittleness

187
Q

the loss of calcium from bones is one of the symptoms in ____________.

A

osteoporosis

188
Q

collagen fibers give bone its tensile strength, and ________ _________ decreases with age. the loss of tensile strength causes the bones to become very brittle and susceptible to fracture.

A

protein synthesis

189
Q

a condition where bone resorption outpaces formation and 80% of those affected are women

A

osteoporosis

190
Q

name the two conditions that can occur due to inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix

A

rickets and osteomalacia

191
Q

condition that affects children and leads to bowed legs and deformations in skull, rib cage, or pelvis

A

rickets

192
Q

condition that affects adults and causes painful/tender bones and fractures with minor trauma

A

osteomalacia

193
Q

degeneration of articular cartilage, leads to friction of bone against bone

A

osteoarthritis

194
Q

infection of bone often caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A

osteomyelitis

195
Q

condition where the reduced bone mass below normal

A

osteopenia

196
Q

bone cancer that primarily affects osteoblast

A

osteosarcoma

Human A&P (1 decks)

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