Chapter 6 Bone & Tissue

Question 1

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?

Answer 1

protection of internal organs

Question 2

Bone tissue can be described as

Answer 2

dense, hard connective tissue

Question 3

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to

Answer 3

make blood cells

Question 4

Yellow marrow has been identified as

Answer 4

an area of fat storage

Question 5

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?

Answer 5

cartilage

Question 6

The skeletal system is made of

Answer 6

bones and cartilage

Question 7

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.

Answer 7

short bones

Question 8

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.

Answer 8

tendons

Question 9

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.

Answer 9

irregular

Question 10

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?

Answer 10

long bone

Question 11

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.

Answer 11

lever

Question 12

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

Answer 12

hematopoiesis

Question 13

The diaphysis contains ________.

Answer 13

fat stores; yellow bone marrow

Question 14

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.

Answer 14

periosteum

Question 15

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

Answer 15

osteoblasts and osteocytes

Question 16

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

Answer 16

osteoclasts

Question 17

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

Answer 17

lacunae

Question 18

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

Answer 18

trabeculae

Question 19

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

Answer 19

a hole

Question 20

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

Answer 20

because it does not have a blood supply

Question 21

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?

Answer 21

Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

Question 22

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?

Answer 22

They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.

Question 23

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 23

the flat bones of the cranium

Question 24

Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.

Answer 24

epiphyseal plate

Question 25

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.

Answer 25

beneath the periosteum

Question 26

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 26

calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

Question 27

A fracture can be both ________.

Answer 27

open and closed

Question 28

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?

Answer 28

The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.

Question 29

In a compound fracture, ________.

Answer 29

broken bone pierces the skin

Question 30

The internal and external calli are replaced by ________.

Answer 30

trabecular bone

Question 31

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.

Answer 31

spongy

Question 32

Wolff’s law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________

Answer 32

a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.

Question 33

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.

Answer 33

vitamin D

Question 34

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?

Answer 34

leafy green vegetables

Question 35

Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?

Answer 35

estrogen and testosterone

Question 36

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?

Answer 36

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Question 37

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?

Answer 37

nervous system

Question 38

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except

Answer 38

thyroxine

Question 39

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?

Answer 39

calcitonin

Question 40

The skeletal system is composed of bone and cartilage and has many functions. Choose three of these functions and discuss what features of the skeletal system allow it to accomplish these functions.

Answer 40

Support, Movement, and Protection

Question 41

What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?

Answer 41

tarsal is a short bone, meaning its length, width, and thickness are about equal, while a metatarsal is a long bone whose length is greater than its width; the tarsal provides limited motion, while the metatarsal acts as a lever

Question 42

What are the structural and functional differences between the femur and the patella?

Answer 42

femur is a long bone; sesamoid is small/round bone;the femur acts as a lever, while the patella protects the patellar tendon from compressive forces

Question 43

If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?

Answer 43

ou would experience joint pain at the end of that bone and limitation of motion at that joint because there would be no cartilage to reduce friction between adjacent bones

Question 44

In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?

Answer 44

Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand compressive forces, while spongy (cancellous) bone has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution

Question 45

In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?

Answer 45

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage

Question 46

Considering how a long bone develops, what are the similarities and differences between a primary and a secondary ossification center?

Answer 46

Like the primary ossification center, secondary ossification centers are present during endochondral ossification, but they form later, and there are two of them, one in each epiphysis.

Question 47

What is the difference between closed reduction and open reduction? In what type of fracture would closed reduction most likely occur? In what type of fracture would open reduction most likely occur?

Answer 47

In closed reduction, the broken ends of a fractured bone can be reset without surgery. Open reduction requires surgery to return the broken ends of the bone to their correct anatomical position. A partial fracture would likely require closed reduction. A compound fracture would require open reduction

Question 48

In terms of origin and composition, what are the differences between an internal callus and an external callus?

Answer 48

The internal callus is produced by cells in the endosteum and is composed of a fibrocartilaginous matrix. The external callus is produced by cells in the periosteum and consists of hyaline cartilage and bone.

Question 49

If you were a dietician who had a young female patient with a family history of osteoporosis, what foods would you suggest she include in her diet? Why?

Answer 49

dairy products, leafy vegetables, fortified foods to be included in her diet. Dairy products: Milk, yogurt, and cheese are good sources of calcium, which is essential for maintaining strong bones

Question 50

During the early years of space exploration our astronauts, who had been floating in space, would return to earth showing significant bone loss dependent on how long they were in space. Discuss how this might happen and what could be done to alleviate this condition.

Answer 50

This is due to heightened activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption, and reduced activity of osteoblasts, the cells facilitating bone formation. Regular physical exercise is one countermeasure, using equipment designed to mimic gravity’s effects to stimulate bone formation

Question 51

An individual with very low levels of vitamin D presents themselves to you complaining of seemingly fragile bones. Explain how these might be connected.

Answer 51

Low vitamin D could lead to insufficient levels of calcium in the blood so the calcium is being released from the bones. The reduction of calcium from the bones can make them weak and subject to fracture

Question 52

Describe the effects caused when the parathyroid gland fails to respond to calcium bound to its receptors.