Chapter 6 Bone & Tissue Flashcards
Chapter Review
Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?
protection of internal organs
Bone tissue can be described as
dense, hard connective tissue
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to
make blood cells
Yellow marrow has been identified as
an area of fat storage
Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?
cartilage
The skeletal system is made of
bones and cartilage
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.
short bones
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.
tendons
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.
irregular
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?
long bone
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.
lever
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?
hematopoiesis
The diaphysis contains ________.
fat stores; yellow bone marrow
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.
periosteum
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?
osteoblasts and osteocytes
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?
osteoclasts
Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?
lacunae
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?
trabeculae
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?
a hole
Why is cartilage slow to heal?
because it does not have a blood supply
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?
Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.
In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?
They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.
Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?
the flat bones of the cranium
Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.
epiphyseal plate
Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.
beneath the periosteum
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?
calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
A fracture can be both ________.
open and closed
How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?
The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
In a compound fracture, ________.
broken bone pierces the skin
The internal and external calli are replaced by ________.
trabecular bone
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
spongy
Wolff’s law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________
a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.
Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.
vitamin D
Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?
leafy green vegetables
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?
estrogen and testosterone
With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?
nervous system
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except
thyroxine
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?
calcitonin
The skeletal system is composed of bone and cartilage and has many functions. Choose three of these functions and discuss what features of the skeletal system allow it to accomplish these functions.
Support, Movement, and Protection
What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?
tarsal is a short bone, meaning its length, width, and thickness are about equal, while a metatarsal is a long bone whose length is greater than its width; the tarsal provides limited motion, while the metatarsal acts as a lever
What are the structural and functional differences between the femur and the patella?
femur is a long bone; sesamoid is small/round bone;the femur acts as a lever, while the patella protects the patellar tendon from compressive forces
If the articular cartilage at the end of one of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you think you would experience? Why?
ou would experience joint pain at the end of that bone and limitation of motion at that joint because there would be no cartilage to reduce friction between adjacent bones
In what ways is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?
Compact bone is dense so that it can withstand compressive forces, while spongy (cancellous) bone has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution
In what ways do intramembranous and endochondral ossification differ?
In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
Considering how a long bone develops, what are the similarities and differences between a primary and a secondary ossification center?
Like the primary ossification center, secondary ossification centers are present during endochondral ossification, but they form later, and there are two of them, one in each epiphysis.
What is the difference between closed reduction and open reduction? In what type of fracture would closed reduction most likely occur? In what type of fracture would open reduction most likely occur?
In closed reduction, the broken ends of a fractured bone can be reset without surgery. Open reduction requires surgery to return the broken ends of the bone to their correct anatomical position. A partial fracture would likely require closed reduction. A compound fracture would require open reduction
In terms of origin and composition, what are the differences between an internal callus and an external callus?
The internal callus is produced by cells in the endosteum and is composed of a fibrocartilaginous matrix. The external callus is produced by cells in the periosteum and consists of hyaline cartilage and bone.
If you were a dietician who had a young female patient with a family history of osteoporosis, what foods would you suggest she include in her diet? Why?
dairy products, leafy vegetables, fortified foods to be included in her diet. Dairy products: Milk, yogurt, and cheese are good sources of calcium, which is essential for maintaining strong bones
During the early years of space exploration our astronauts, who had been floating in space, would return to earth showing significant bone loss dependent on how long they were in space. Discuss how this might happen and what could be done to alleviate this condition.
This is due to heightened activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption, and reduced activity of osteoblasts, the cells facilitating bone formation. Regular physical exercise is one countermeasure, using equipment designed to mimic gravity’s effects to stimulate bone formation
An individual with very low levels of vitamin D presents themselves to you complaining of seemingly fragile bones. Explain how these might be connected.
Low vitamin D could lead to insufficient levels of calcium in the blood so the calcium is being released from the bones. The reduction of calcium from the bones can make them weak and subject to fracture
Describe the effects caused when the parathyroid gland fails to respond to calcium bound to its receptors.
