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EXAM 3 > Chapter 6- Bone Development > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Bone Development Flashcards

1
Q

ARE BONES CONSIDERED ORGANS?

A

BONES ARE CONSIDERED ORGANS BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN SEVERAL DIFFERENT TISSUES LINING BLOOD VESSELS, AND FIBROUS C.T. LINING CAVITIES.

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2
Q

BONE CONTAINS THESE TISSUES…

A

OSSEOUS TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

CARTILAGE

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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3
Q

6 FUNCTIONS OF BONES:

A
  1. SUPPORT- FORM THE FRAMEWORK THAT SUPPORTS THE BODY AND CRADLES SOFT ORGANS
  2. PROTECTION- PROVIDE A PROTECTIVE CASE FOR THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND VITAL ORGANS.
  3. MOVEMENT- PROVIDE LEVERS FOR MUSCLES
  4. MINERAL STORAGE- RESERVOIR FOR MINERALS, ESPECIALLY CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE
  5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION- HEMATOPOIESIS OCCURS WITHIN THE RED MARROW.
  6. ENERGY STORAGE-​ YELLOW MARROW
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4
Q

CARTILAGE: LOCATION AND STRUCTURE

A

PIECES OF CARTILAGE ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE ADULT HUMAN BODY.

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5
Q

EMBRYOS ARE PREDOMINANTLY COMPOSED OF…

A

-IN EMBRYOS, THE SKELETON IS PREDOMINANTLY COMPOSED OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

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6
Q

IN THE ADULT, MOST OF THE CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY WHAT?

A

-IN THE ADULT, MOST OF THE CARTILAGE IS REPLACED BY MORE RIGID BONE (OSSIFIED CARTILAGE). ​

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE?

A
  1. CARTILAGE: C.T. WHICH CONTAINS NO NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS.
  2. PERICHONDRIUM: A LAYER OF DENSE IRREGULAR C.T. THAT SURROUNDS THE CARTILAGE.
    * -ACTS LIKE A GIRDLE TO RESIST OUTWARD EXPANSION WHEN THE CARTILAGE IS SUBJECTED TO PRESSURE.*
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8
Q

HOW MUCH WATER DOES CARTILAGE CONSIST OF?

A

CARTILAGE CONSISTS OF WATER (60%-80%) AND IS VERY RESILIENT.​

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9
Q

THREE TYPES OF CARTILAGE TISSUE IN THE BODY INCLUDE:

A
  1. HYALIINE CARTILAGE

2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE

3. FIBROCARTILAGE

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10
Q

CARTILAGE IS A C.T. THAT CONSISTS OF WHAT 2 THINGS?

A

-CARTILAGE IS A C.T. THAT CONSISTS OF CELLS CALLED CHONDROCYTES AND AND ABUNDANT EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.

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11
Q

WHICH CARTILAGE IS THE MOST ABUNDANT?

CHONDROCYTE…

WHAT TYPE OF FIBERS ARE FOUND IN THIS CARTILAGE?

A
  • HYALINE CARTILAGE IS THE MOST ABUNDANT TYPE OF CARTILAGE.
    • EACH CHONDROCYTE OCCUPIES A CAVITY CALLED A LACUNA.
    • THE ONLY TYPE OF FIBER IN THE MATRIX IS COLLAGEN, WHICH FORMS NETWORKS THAT ARE TOO THIN TO BE SEEN WITH A LIGHT MICROSCOPE.
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12
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF HYALINE CARTILAGE?

WHERE CAN IT BE FOUND?

A
  • FUNCTION: PROVIDES SUPPORT THROUGH FLEXIBILITY AND RESILIENCE.
    • WHERE: ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, COSTAL CARTILAGE, NOSE, TRACHEA, AND LARYNX.
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13
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ELASTIC CARTILAGE AND HYALINE CARTILAGE?

A

Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but its matrix contains many elastic fibers along with the delicate collagen fibrils.

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14
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Where is it found?

A

• Function: This cartilage is very elastic and able to tolerate repeated bending. -Where: Epiglottis and outer ear

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15
Q

What does fibrocartilage contain?

A
  • Fibrocartilage contains rows of thick collagen fibers alternating with rows of chondrocytes, each of which is surrounded by a layer of cartilage matrix.
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16
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Where is it found?

A
  • Function: This cartilage resists both strong compression and strong tension forces.
    • Where: Ligaments, intervertebral discs, and menisci (knee).
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17
Q

What are the different ways in which cartilage grows?

A
  • A piece of cartilage grows in two ways..
    • Appositional growth
    • Interstitial growth
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18
Q

What is appositional growth?

What is interstitial growth?

A
  • (“growth from the outside”): chondroblasts in the perichondrium produce the new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix.
  • (“growth from within”): lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix… expanding the cartilage from within.
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19
Q

When does cartilage stop growing?

A
  • Cartilage stops growing in the late teens when the skeleton stops growing, and chondrocytes stop dividing.
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20
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A

Long Bones (humerus)

Flat Bones (scapula)

Short Bones (phalanx)

Irregular Bones (vertebral)

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21
Q

The location at which two or more bones make contact are called?

A

The skeleton is made up of bones that are connected at joints or articulations… the location at which two or more bones make contact. They allow movement and provide mechanical support.

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22
Q

The skeleton is subdivided into two divisions.

What are they?

Where are they found in the body?

A
  1. ) the axial skeleton (those bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity)
  2. ) the appendicular skeleton (the bones of the limbs, or appendages)
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23
Q

How many total bones make up the human skeleton?

A

206 Bones in the human body

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24
Q

The bones of the adult skeleton are composed of two basic kinds of _____ that differ in their _____:

A

two basic kinds of osseous tissue that differ in their texture

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25
What are the two basic kinds of osseous tissue that differ in texture and compose the adult skeleton?
1.) Compact bone: Dense outer layer of bone---looks smooth and homogenous ## Footnote 2.) Spongy (trabecular) bone: Internal network of bone---composed of small bars of bone and lots of open space filled with bone marrow.
26
Bones are further classified on the basis of their relative\_\_\_\_\_ ______ into four groups: ***long, short, flat,*** and ***irregular***.
**_gross anatomy_**
27
Explain the 4 Classification of Bones:
* ***Long bones***: such as the femur and phalanges --- longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end. * ***Short bones***: such as the tarsals and carpal --- cube shaped and contain more spongy than compact bone. * ***Flat bones***: such as the bones of the skull are generally thin with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. * ***Irregular bones:*** such as the vertebrae -- bones that do not fall into one of the above categories.
28
Long Bones: Diaphysis and Epiphyses Explain each.
* ***Diaphysis:***"shaft" of a bone... composed of compact bone. * ***Epiphysis***: the end of the long bone. It is composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone. * The joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage (**hyaline**)
29
What are the epiphyseal plates?
* ***Epiphyseal plates***: a disc of _hyaline_ _cartilage_ that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. * Once the long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants -- ***epiphyseal lines.***
30
Unlike cartilage, bone tissue is well \_\_\_.
vascularized
31
The main vessels serving the diaphysis are the ___ \_\_\_\_ and ___ \_\_\_.
***nutrient artery*** ***nutrient vein***
32
What is the function of the nutrient foramen?
* ***Nutrient foramen ("opening"):*** The opening into the canal which gives passage to the blood vessels of the medullary cavity of the bone.
33
Long Bone: what is the function of the nutrient artery?
* The ***nutrient artery.***.. * runs inward to supply the bone marrow and the spongy bone * branches outward to help supply the compact bone.
34
The hollow central cavity of the shaft that is a storage region for adipose tissue, or ***yellow marrow*** is called?
***Medullary cavity ("marrow cavity")***
35
At birth, what color is all marrow? What happens to it with age?
* At birth, all bone marrow is red. With age more is converted to yellow.
36
-Some ___ \_\_\_ ___ arise from yellow marrow.
**white blood cells**
37
1. ) Within long bones.. ___ \_\_\_ is located in the spongy material. 2. ) \_\_\_'s, \_\_\_, and most ___ \_\_\_ ___ arise in red marrow. 3. ) In cases of severe blood loss, the body can convert ___ \_\_\_ back to ___ \_\_\_ in order to ___ blood cell production.
1. ) ***red marrow*** is located in the spongy material. 2. ) RBC's, platelets, white blood cells 3. ) yellow marrow, red marrow, increase
38
Long Bone: Medullary Cavity
* ***Medullary cavity ("marrow cavity")***: the hollow central cavity of the shaft that is a storage region for adipose tissue, or ***yellow marrow***.
39
Long Bone: Medullary Cavity - Marrow is also contained in the spaces between the ___ of ___ bone.
- trabeculae, spongy
40
Long Bone: Membranes * \_\_\_\_: a connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis.
- ***Periosteum***
41
The **_2 sublayers_** of the periosteum include:
1. ) a superficial layer of ***dense irregular C.T.*** which resists _tension_ placed on the bone during bending. 2. ) a deep ***osteogenic*** ("bone producing") layer that abuts the compact bone and _contains two cell types._ * ***osteoblasts*** ("bone generators"): bone depositing cells * ***osteoclasts*** ("bone breakers"): remodel bone surfaces throughout our lives.
42
Long Bones: Membranes \* The ***periosteum*** is secured to the underlying bone by 1.\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_(***Sharpey's fibers***), which are thick bundles of 2.\_\_\_\_ that run from the periosteum to the bone 3.\_\_\_\_.
1. ***perforating fibers*** 2. **collagen** 3. matrix
43
Lone Bones: Membranes \* What does the **periosteum** provide? -At these points, the **perforating fibers** are 1.\_\_\_.
* The **periosteum** also provides insertion points for the tendons and ligaments that attach to a bone. 1. dense
44
1. ) Why does it hurt when you break a bone? 2. ) Why does a bone break cause profuse bleeding?
1. ) The ***periosteum*** is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. 2. ) Blood vessels and nerves travel through the periosteum and invade the bone.
45
Long Bones: Membranes What is ***articular cartilage***?
* ***Articular cartilage***: covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. Composed of _hyaline cartilage_... provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces.
46
Long Bones: Membranes Covering the 1.\_\_\_ bone surfaces is a thin connective tissue membrane called the 2.\_\_\_. -Covers the 3.\_\_\_\_ bone and lines the central canals of 4.\_\_\_\_.
1. _internal_ 2. ***endosteum*** 3. spongy 4. osteons
47
Long Bone: Membranes What is the endosteum?
The **endosteum** is osteogenic.. containing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
48
Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones... What is the composition of these bones?
* They have much of the same composition as long bones: * **periosteum** - covered compact bone externally * **endosteum** - covered spongy bone internally * However.. they lack a diaphysis and a marrow cavity (marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone). * In flat bones, the internal spongy bone is called ***diploë***
49
* ***Compact bone*** appears solid with the naked eye, however, microscopic examination reveals that it is riddled with 1.\_\_\_\_\_ for 2.\_\_\_ \_\_\_, 3.\_\_\_ \_\_\_, and 4.\_\_\_.
1. passageways 2. blood vessels 3. lymphatic vessels 4. nerves
50
An important structural component of compact bone is the 1.\_\_\_\_("bone") or 2.\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_.
1. ***osteon*** 2. ***Haversian system***
51
What is an ***osteon***? What is the function?
* ***Osteon***: long, cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses. * **_Function_**: weight-bearing pillars
52
* An **osteon** is a group of ____ tubes resembling the rings of a tree trunk in cross section.
concentric
53
Each "ring" (resembling a tree trunk) of the osteon is a 1.\_\_\_\_, which is a layer of 2.\_\_\_ ___ in which the collagen fibers and 3.\_\_\_ ___ align and run in a single direction.
1. ***lamella*** 2. bone matrix 3. mineral crystals
54
_Note:_ The fibers and crystals of adjacent lamellae always run in roughly 1.\_\_\_\_ directions. This alternating pattern is optimal for withstanding 2.\_\_\_, or 3.\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_.
1. opposite 2. torsion 3. twisting stressing
55
Compact Bone Through the core of each osteon runs an 1.\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ canal called the 2.\_\_\_\_ ____ or 3.\_\_\_\_ ***canal.***
1. **endosteum-lined** 2. ***central canal*** 3. ***Haversian***
56
Compact Bone - The ***central canal*** contains... - The ***perforating canals(Volkmann's canals)***.....
a. ) ***Blood vessels***: supply nutrients to the bone cells of the osteon and b. ) ***Nerve fibers*** - ***Perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)*** lie 90\* to the central canals and connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals and marrow cavity.
57
Compact Bone ***Osteocytes?***
* ***Osteocytes***: mature spider-shaped bone cells that are essential for maintaining bone matrix.
58
Compact Bone * Osteocytes occupy small cavities in the solid 1.\_\_\_\_ called 2.\_\_\_\_("little lakes") and their "spider legs" occupy thin tubes called 3.\_\_\_\_("little canals")
1. matrix 2. ***lacunae*** 3. ***canaliculi***
59
Compact Bone The **canaliculi.**...
* The canaliculi run through the matrix... connecting neighboring lacunae o one another and the nearest capillaries. * Within the canaliculi, the extensions of neighboring osteocytes touch each other and form ***gap junctions.*** * Via direct cell transfer, nutrients diffuse from one osteocyte to the next throughout the entire osteon.
60
Spongy Bone * Each 1.\_\_\_\_ of spongy bone contains several layers of 2.\_\_\_\_ and 3.\_\_\_\_ but is too small to contain osteons or vessels of its own. * The 4.\_\_\_\_ receive their nutrients from capillaries in the 5.\_\_\_\_ surrounding the ​6.\_\_\_\_.
1. **trabecula** 2. lamellae 3. osteocytes 4. osteocytes 5. endosteum 6. trabecula
61
Chemical Composition of Bone -Bone tissue has both 1.\_\_\_\_ and 2.\_\_\_\_ components.
1. organic 2. inorganic
62
Chemical Composition of Bone 1. ) Organic components: 2. ) Inorganic components:
* ***_Organic components:_*** * 35% of bone tissue mass * Includes: **cells, fibers,** and **ground substance** * Contribute to the flexibility and tensile strength that allows bone to resist stretching and twisting. * ***_Inorganic components:_*** * 65% of bone tissue mass * Consists of ***hydroxyapatites***(mineral salts)... primarily **calcium phosphate.** * Provide bone with exceptional hardness (resist compression)
63
Bone Development What is ***Osteogenesis (ossification)?***
***Osteogenesis (ossification):*** the process of bone-tissue formation.
64
Bone Development Osteogenesis (ossification) leads to...
* Leads to... * the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos * bone growth until early adulthood * bone thickness, remodeling, and repair in adults.
65
Bone Development What happens to an embryo before **week 8**?
* Before **week 8** of embryogenesis, the skeleton of the human embryo consists only of hyaline cartilage and some membranes of ***mesenchyme***. * Bone tissue first appears in week 8 and eventually replaces most cartilage and mesenchymal membranes in the skeleton. _Note_: The unborn baby is now called a fetus.
66
Bone Development What is ***Intramembranous ossification***? What does it form?
* ***Intramembranous ossification***: when bone develops from mesenchymal membrane without 1st being cartilage. * Forms ***membranous bone***... most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles.
67
Bone Development What is ***Endochondral ossification***? What does it form?
* ***Endochondral ossification***: when bone forms by replacing **hyaline cartilage** * Forms ***endochondrial*** ***bone***... grow through adolescence via epiphyseal plate.
68
Bone Development Explain the 5 stages of bone development.
1. Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage 2. Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model. 1. Deteriorating cartilage matrix 3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation 4. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5. 5. Ossification of the epiphyses; hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

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