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Extreme Weather geo2242 > Chapter 6 - Atmosphere-Ocean-Cryosphere Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Atmosphere-Ocean-Cryosphere Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Albedo

A

The proportion of incident light reflected by the surface of a celestial body.

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3
Q

What are the three main factors responsible for oceanic movement?

A

1) winds moving over the top surface.
2) spatial variations in the density of water
3) the Coriolis Effect

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4
Q

SST

A

Sea-Surface Temperature

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5
Q

PDO

A

Pacific Decodal Oscillations

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6
Q

PDO Cool Phase

A

Cooler SST in eastern Pacific to the North, near Alaska

Warmer SST in eastern Pacific mid-north

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7
Q

PDO Warm Phase

A

Opposite of PDO cool phase

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8
Q

Shifts in PDO are accompanied by what changes?

A

1) changes in wind direction

2) changes in air pressure

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9
Q

Differences in _____ of water, which is largely a function of temperature and salinity, can set water in motion. Once the water is in motion, its path is deflected by the _____ _____.

A

density, Coriolis Effect

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10
Q

Wind blowing across a body of water causes water motion via …

A

1) waves, on the small scale

2) water currents, in the global scale

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11
Q

Null Point

A

At about 100m below the surface, the effects of wind on the surface vanish (due to viscosity)

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12
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

The tendency to rotate due to decreasing linear velocity while traveling away from the equator.

Apparent deflection to the right ..CW?.. when North of Equator

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13
Q

Ekman Spiral

A

….

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14
Q

Horse Latitudes

A

….

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15
Q

Doldrums

A

….

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16
Q

Gyres

A

Interacting circular motions that approximate the direction of near surface currents

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17
Q

Indian Ocean currents

A

1) the warm Mozambique current flowing south, east of Africa
2) the cool Western Australian current flowing north
3) the warm, lateral current from the Pacific
4) ineractions with the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current

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18
Q

Western Pacific currents

A

Kuroshio Current

North Pacific Current

East Australian Current

West Wind Drift

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19
Q

Northern Atlatic Currents

A

Gulf Stream
North Atlantic Drift
Canary Current

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20
Q

Southern Atlantic Currents

A

Benguela Current
Brazil Current
Antarctic Circumpolar Current

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21
Q

Northern Pacific Currents

A

California Current
Alaska Current
Bering Current

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22
Q

Arctic Currents

A

Bering Current
Labrador Current
Greenland Currents

23
Q

Southeastern Pacific Currents

A

West wind drift
Humboldt (aka Chile or Peru) current
South equatorial current

24
Q

Southern Ocean Currents

A

Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Antarctica
Roaring forties, screaming sixties, West Wind Drift

25
Q

Upwelling

A

Flow of cold, deep waters towards the surface

26
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

27
Q

Anion

A

A Negatively charged ion

28
Q

What effect does salinity have on density?

A

An increase in salinity is proportional to an increase in density

Higher densities sink

Salinity is also affected by temperature

29
Q

How does salinity decrease?

How does it increase?

A

Precipitation dilutes the water
Rivers & runoff dilute water
Polar ice melts and dilutes water

Water evaporates, salts don’t
Water freezes, salts don’t

30
Q

PDO Index

A

Statistical comparison, the difference between Eastern and Western Pacific SST

31
Q

What forms of ice occur in the oceans?

A

1) Icebergs

2) Sea Ice

32
Q

Overturn (aka turnover)

A

When shallow waters mix with deeper waters and vise versa.

When waters of different depths have similar temperatures and densities, they mix more easily

33
Q

AAW

A

Antarctic Intermediate Waters -

34
Q

AABW

A

Antarctic Bottom Waters -

35
Q

NADW

A

North Atlantic Deep Waters -

36
Q

Warm Pools

A

Recurring areas of water warmer than surrounding waters

Ex: Western Pacific wp, Western Atlantic wp

37
Q

brine

A

Highly saline waters at great depths

38
Q

brine exclusion

A

The freezing of seawater without saline

39
Q

Cryosphere

A

The parts of the planet, collectively, that are frozen or iced over

40
Q

Photic Zone

A

The upper depths of the ocean (above the null point) where waters are warmer and less dense.

41
Q

Thermocline

A

The boundary between warmer waters and the colder, more dense waters below

42
Q

Pycnocline

A

The marked vertical gradient in water density

Thermopycnocline - pycnocline that coincides with the thermocline

43
Q

Abyssal Waters

A

The polar waters (cold, dense, highly saline) that descend and then slowly flow back toward the equator

44
Q

Thermohaline Conveyor

A

The global flow pattern of surface and deep water circulation

Pg195

45
Q

Walker Cell Circulation

A

…IMPORTANT?

46
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

….

47
Q

ENSO

A

The proper name of El Niño which has two components

1) oceanic activity of El Niño, EN-
2) the atmospheric activity of the Southern Oscillation, -SO

48
Q

Southern Oscillation

A

…

49
Q

SOI

A

Southern Oscillation Index -

50
Q

What are the phaes of ENSO?

A

Neutral Phase: not deemed
Warm Phase:
Cold Phase:

51
Q

The steps that take place to farm a Kelvin Wave, associated with El Niño

A
  1. Easterly trade winds blow water towards the west
  2. Water piles up in the Pacific Warm Pool, forming a mounded surface
  3. Easterly trade winds weaken
  4. The mound flows toward the east as a wave
52
Q

List two early clues that ENSO has started

A
  1. Temporary weakening of the trade winds just east of the IDL at the start of the warm phase
  2. An increase in atmospheric pressure occurs in the westernmost Pacific relative to locations farther east in the Pacific
53
Q

What conditions are associated with La Niña?

A
  1. Walker Cell circulation strengthens over the equatorial Pacific
  2. Upwelling off the coast of South America Strengthens
  3. The warm pool is pushed westward towards Australasia

4.

Extreme Weather geo2242 (7 decks)

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