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Final EXCI 252 > Chapter 6: assessing muscular fitness > Flashcards

Chapter 6: assessing muscular fitness Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed to perform activities of daily living, maintain functional independence with age and partake in active leisure-time pursuits without undue stress or fatigue?

A

Minimum levels of muscular fitness

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2
Q

Adequate level of muscular fitness lessen the chance of developing: (3)

A

Low back problems
Osteoporotic fractures
Musculoskeletal injuries

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3
Q

Ability of a muscle group to exert a submaximal force (given force) for extended periods

A

Muscular endurance

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4
Q

Ability of a muscle group to maintain a specific % of the maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time/execute repeated contractions sufficient to cause muscle fatigue

A

Muscular endurance (see p.5)

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5
Q

Maximal force generated in a single contraction at a specified velocity/develop maximal contractile force against a resistance in a single contraction

A

Muscular strength

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6
Q

T or F: power is a skill-related component of fitness

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time
Ability to exert force rapidly
Rate at which mechanical word is performed
Maximal amount of force one can exert in the least amount of time

A

Muscular power

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8
Q

See p.8

Name the 2 types of muscle action

A

Static/isometric and dynamic

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9
Q

Name the 3 types of dynamic muscle actions

A

Auxotonic
Isokinetic
Variable resistance

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10
Q

Same muscle length

No visible movement of the joint

A

Isometric/static muscle action

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11
Q

Muscle length changes
Visible joint movement
Auxotonic, isokinetic or variable resistance

A

Dynamic muscle action

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12
Q

What is the traditional term used to describe the muscle action when lifting free weights?

A

Isotonic muscle action

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13
Q

Is defined as variable muscle tensions caused by changing velocities & joint angles

A

Auxotonic muscle action

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14
Q

What are the two phases of auxotonic muscle action?

A

Concentric & eccentric

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15
Q

Muscle shortens during tension development
Weight is lifted
resistance < force produced by muscle group

A

Concentric muscle action

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16
Q

Define eccentric muscle action

A

Muscle lengthens during tension development
Resist gravity
Resistance > force produced by muscle group
Weight is lowered

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17
Q

T or F: Concentric muscle action has a greater risk of injury

A

FALSE, eccentric

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18
Q

Name 2 examples of auxotonic muscle action

A

Free weights

Constant-resistance exercise machines

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19
Q

Maximal contraction of a muscle group at a constant velocity throughout the entire range of motion

A

Isokinetic muscle action

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20
Q

Purposes of strength and muscular endurance assessment (3)

A

Establish baseline values before training
Monitor progress during training
Assess the overall effectiveness of resistance training & exercise rehabilitation programs

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21
Q

Tests that assess strength and muscular endurance are specific to: (6)

A 
Muscle or muscle group tested
Type of muscle action
Velocity of muscle movement
Type of test
Type of equipment
Joint's range of motion (ROM)
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22
Q

= MVC in newtons or KG

A

Absolute muscular strength

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23
Q

= MVC / body mass

A

Relative muscular strength

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24
Q

These tests are related to a specific muscle action:

  • spring-loaded dynamometers
  • hydraulic dynamometers
  • cable tensiometers
  • digital handheld dynamometers
  • clinical methods
  • load cells (strain gauges)
A

Isometric muscle testing (see protocols p.21)

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25
Q

Measured as the maximal force exerted in a single contraction against an immovable resistance
Maximal force produced by a muscle group when the limb is not rotating (zero velocity)

A

Isometric muscular strength

26
Q

Cable tensiometry tests can be used to (2)

A

Assess strength impairment at specific joint angles

Monitor progress during rehabilitation

27
Q

For the assessment of dynamic muscular strength & endurance, name the possible tests (2)

A

Free weights

Constant-resistance exercise machines (CREM)

28
Q

What is the other name for auxotonic dynamic exercise?

A

DCER = dynamic constant external resistance exercise

29
Q

What is the major disadvantage of free weights & constant-resistance exercise machines?

A

They measure dynamic strength only at the weakest point in the ROM (p.39)

30
Q

T or F:
CREM require less neuromuscular coordination to stabilize body parts & maintain balance
CREM do not require spotting

A

TRUE

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of CREMS vs Free weights?

A

CREMs limit an individual’s ROM & plane of movement
Some CREMs have a relatively large weight plate increments
Some CREMs cannot accommodate individual’s with short limbs, long limbs, a large body & large limb circumference

32
Q 
Name the category related to these tests:
Forces plates + linear transducers
Tendo weightlifting analyzer system
Myotest accelerometer
1-Repetition maximum (RM)
Estimation of 1-RM
Relative strength (1-RM/body mass)
Repetitions to failure
YMCA bench press test
Use a test battery (7 items)
A

Dynamic muscular strength testing (see p.43-49 + 51-56)

33
Q

Heaviest weight that can be moved only once through the full ROM in a controlled manner with good posture

A

1-Repetition maximum (1-RM)

34
Q

What are the valid measures of dynamic muscular strength for the upper body? (2)

A

1-RM bench press

1-RM military press

35
Q

What are the valid measures of dynamic muscular strength for the lower body? (2)

A

1-RM leg press
1-RM back squat
1-RM leg extension

36
Q

The muscle contracts maximally throughout the entire ROM by varying the resistance to match the exercise strength curve

A

Variable-resistance exercise machines (p.57-58)

37
Q

Involves the assessment of maximal muscle tension throughout a range of joint motion set at a constant angular velocity (muscles are maximally loaded throughout the ROM)

A

Dynamic isokinetic muscle testing using a isokinetic dynamometer (see p.66)

38
Q

Concerning isokinetic tests: what is the speed setting for strength, endurance or power

A 
Strength = 30 or 60 degrees/sec
Endurance = 120 to 180 degrees/sec
Power = 120 to 300 degrees/sec
39
Q

What is the measure related to strength or power isokinetic test?

A

Peak torque

40
Q

What is the measure related to endurance isokinetic test?

A

reps until torque reaches 50% initial torque value

41
Q

What are the limitations of isokinetic-resistance exercise machines? (5)

A

Expensive equipment
Found primarily in laboratory settings or sports medicine clinics
Only permits angular motion
No isokinetic muscle actions occur in real-life movements
Angular velocity is relatively low compared to athletic movements

42
Q

May compromise joint stability

Increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury

A

Muscle imbalance

43
Q

T or F: Muscle balance ratios differ among muscle groups

A

TRUE

44
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for hip extensors & flexors?

A

1:1

45
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for elbow extensors & flexors?

A

1:1

46
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for trunk extensors & flexors?

A

1:1

47
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for ankle inverters & everters?

A

1:1

48
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for shoulder flexors & extensors?

A

2:3

49
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for knee extensors & flexors?

A

3:2

50
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for shoulder internal & external rotators?

A

3:2

51
Q

What is the muscle balance ration for ankle plantar flexors & dorsiflexors?

A

3:1

52
Q

Name the calisthenic-type strength and muscular endurance tests related to dynamic strength (5)

A 
Pull-up
Dip-strength
Sit-up
Push-up
Bench squat
53
Q

Name the calisthenic-type strength and muscular endurance tests related to dynamic endurance (5)

A 
Pull-ups
Sit-ups
Trunk curls
Partial curl-ups
Push-ups
54
Q

Read the chart p.76

A

Musculoskeletal fitness assessment

55
Q

Name the tests related to dynamic muscular power (2)

A 
Vertical jump (+ variations)
Standing long jump
56
Q

What are the sources of measurement error in muscular fitness testing?

A

Client factors
Equipment
Technician skill
Environmental factors

57
Q 
What is this source:
Familiarization with equipment & testing protocols
Weightlifting experience
Lifting technique
Give a maximal effort
Adequate rest between trials
Restrict drugs & medications
Motivate during testing
A

Client factors

58
Q 
What is this source:
Design of the testing equipment
Calibration of equipment
Inspection & maintenance of equipment
Selection of exercise machines that can accommodate various body dimensions
A

Equipment

59
Q 
What is this source:
Qualified
Trained (give easy tests to beginner)
Knowledgeable
Explanation & demonstration
Observation & correction of performance errors
A

Technician skill

60
Q

Name the environmental factors (4)

A

Room temperature
Humidity
Clean
Quiet

Final EXCI 252 (7 decks)

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