Chapter 6 Anatomy Flashcards
0
Q
Absorption
A
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells
1
Q
Abductors
A
Muscles that draw a body part such as a finger arm or toe away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand abductors separate the fingers.
2
Q
Adductors
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Muscles that draw a body part such as a finger arm or toe inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, Adductors draw the fingers together
3
Q
Adipose tissue
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A specialized connective tissue considered fat which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body
4
Q
Adrenal glands
A
Adrenal glands glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body.
5
Q
Anabolism
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Constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones
6
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts
7
Q
Angular artery
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Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose
8
Q
Anterior auricular artery
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Artery that supplies blood to the front of the ear
9
Q
Aorta
A
The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body
10
Q
Arteries
A
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries through out the body
11
Q
Arterioles
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Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
12
Q
Atrioventricular valves
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Valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber
13
Q
Atrium
A
Thin walled upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right atrium and left atrium
14
Q
Auricularis anterior
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Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward
15
Q
Auricularis posterior
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Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward
16
Q
Auricularis superior
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Muscle above the ear that draws the war upward
17
Q
Auriculotemooral nerve
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Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull
18
Q
Autonomic nervous system
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The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles. Regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels and heart
19
Q
Axon
A
The extension of a nueron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neaurons glands or muscles.
20
Q
Belly
A
Middle part of the muscle
21
Q
Biceps
A
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm
22
Q
Blood
A
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
23
Q
Blood vessels
A
Tube like structures that transport blood to and from the heart. And to various tissues of the body
24
Body systems
Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. He human body is composed of 11 major systems.
25
Bronchial artery
Located in upper arm. It is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into the radical and ulnar arteries which rub down through the forearm
26
Brain
Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium largest and most complex nerve tissue controls sensation muscles glandular activity and the power to think and feel
27
Brain stem
Structure that connects that spinal cord to the brain.
28
Buccal nerve
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth
29
Buccinator
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
30
Capillaries
Tiny thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials
31
Cardiac muscle
The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body
32
Carpus
Also known as wrist. A flexible joint composed of either small, irregular bones held together by ligaments.
33
Catabolism
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts
34
Cell membrane
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell
35
Cells
Basic unit of all living things. Minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life
36
Central nervous system
Consist of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves
37
Cerebellum
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem.
38
Cerebrum
Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front upper part of the cranium
39
Cervical cutaneous nerve
Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breast bone
40
Cervical nerves
Nerves that originate at the spinal cord whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck. Affect the side if the neck and at the play yams muscle.
41
Cervical vertebrae
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region
42
Circulatory system
System that controls the steady circulation if the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
43
Clavicle
Collarbone. Bone joining the sternum and scapula
44
Common carotoid arteries
Arteries that supply blood to the face head and neck
45
Connective tissue
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone cartilage and tendons. Examples of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph and fat
46
Corrugator muscle
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles forehead vertically
47
Cranium
Oval, bony case that protects the brain
48
Cytoplasm
All the protoplasm of a cell except that of which is in the nucleons. The watery fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self repair
49
Defecation
Elimination of feces from the body
50
Deltoid
Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
51
Dendrites
Tree like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell. Short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons
52
Deoxyibonucleic acid
The blueprint material of genetic information. Contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.
53
Depressor annuli oris
Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth
54
Depressor labii inferioris
Muscle surrounding the lower lip that depresses the lower lol and draws it to one side.
55
Diaphram
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing
56
Diencephalon
Located on the uppermost part of the midbrain. Consists of two main parts of the thalamus and the hypothalamus
57
Digestion
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means
58
Digestive enzymes
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
59
Digestive system
Responsible for changing food into nutrients and wastes. Consists of the mouth, stomach, intensities, salivary, and gastric glans and other organs
60
Digital nerve
Sensory motor nerve that with it's branches supplies impulses to the fingers
61
Eleventh cranial nerve
Also known as accessory nerve, a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles
62
Endocrine glands
Release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body
63
Endocrine system
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body
64
Peice animal app neurosis
Tendon connecting the occipitalis and the frontalis
65
Epicranius
The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis
66
epithelial tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces such as the skin mucous membranes and lining of the heart digestive and respitory organs and glands.
67
Ethmoid bone
Light spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities
68
Excretory system
Group of organs including the kidneys liver skin large intestine and lungs that purify the body by elimination of waste matter
69
exhalation
Breathing outward. Expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.
70
Exocrine glands
Produce a substance that travels through small tube like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group
71
Extensors
Muscles that straighten the wrist hand and fingers to form a straight line
72
External carotid artery
Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts or the scalp eat face neck and side of the head
73
External jugular vein
Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head face and neck
74
Facial artery
Supplies blood to the lower region of the face mouth and nose
75
Fifth cranial nerve
It is the chief sensory nerve of the face and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches.
76
Flexors.
Extensor muscles of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist
77
Frontal artery
Artery that supples blood to the forehead and upper eyelids
78
Frontal bone
Bone forming the forehead
79
Frontalis
Front portion of the epicraniue. Muscle or the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward and causes wrinkles across the forehead
80
Glands
Specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds
81
Greater auricular nerve
Nerve at the sides or the neck affecting the face ears neck and paratoid gland
82
Greater occipital nerve
Nerve located at the back of the head. Affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head
83
Heart
Muscular cone shaped organ that keeps blood moving within the circulatory system
84
Hemoglobin
Iron containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen
85
Histology
The study of the structure and composition of tissues
86
Hormones
Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body or body organ to stimulate functional activity or secretion such as insulin adrenaline and estrogen
87
Humerus
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm extending from elbow to the shoulder
88
Hyoid bone
U shaped bone at the base or the tounge that supports the tounge and it's muscles
89
Inferior labial artery
Supplies blood to the lower lip
90
Infraorbiral artery
Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscles.
91
Infratrochlear nerve
Nerve that affects the membrane and the skin of the nose
92
Ingestion
Eating or taking food into the body
93
Inhalation
Breathing in through the nose or mouth and this oxygen is absorbed by the blood
94
Insertion
Point where the skeleton muscle is attached to a bone or other more moveable body part
95
Integumentary system
The skin and it's accessory organs such as the oil and sweat glands sensory receptors hair and nails
96
Internal carotoid artery
Artery that supplies blood to the brain eyes eyelids forehead nose and internal ear
97
Internal jugular vein
Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck
98
Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues
99
Joint
Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton
100
Kidneys
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products
101
Lacrimal bones
Small thin bones located in the anterior medial wall or the orbits
102
Lateral pterygoid
Muscles that coordinate with the massater temporalis and medial pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward.
103
Latissimus dorsi
Large flat triangular muscle covering the lower back
104
Levator anguli oris
A muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward
105
Levator labii superioris
Muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils
106
Liver
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by removing toxic waste products of digestion
107
Lungs
Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respitory cycle
108
Lymph
Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body carries waste and impurities away from the cells
109
Lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters and are distributed through our most of the body.
110
Lymph nodes
Gland like structures found inside the lymphatic vessels. Filter the lymphatic vessels and help fight infection
111
Lymphatic immune system
Vial to the circulatory and to the immune system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system. The lymphatic and immune system are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing microorganisms
112
Mandible
Lower jawbone largest and strongest bone of the face
113
Mandibular nerve
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face also nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip
114
Massater
One of the muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and being the jaw forward sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
115
Maxillary bones
Form the upper jaw
116
Maxillary nerve
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face
117
Medial pterygoid
One of the muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and later pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward sometimes referred to as chewing muscles
118
Median nerve
Nerve smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand
119
Melasma
Skin condition that is triggered by hormones that causes darker pigmentation in areas such as on the upper lip and around the eyes and cheeks
120
Mental nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin
121
Mentalis
Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin
122
Metabolism
Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities.
123
Metacarpus
Consists of five long slender bones called metacarpal bones
124
Middle temporal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the temples
125
Mitosis
Cells dividing into two cells. The usual process if cell reproduction of human tissues
126
Mitral valve
A valve in which from the left atrium the blood flows through into the left ventricle
127
Motor nerves
Carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement
128
Muscle tissue
Tissue contracts and moved various parts of the body
129
Muscular system
Body system that covers shapes and supports the skeleton tissue. Contracts and moves various parts of the body
130
Myology
Study of nature structure function and diseases of the muscles
131
Nasal bones
Bones that form the bridge of the nose
132
Nasal nerve
Nerve that affects the point and lower sides of the nose
133
Nasalis muscle
Two part muscle which covers up the nose
134
Nerve tissue
Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions
135
Nerves
Whitish cords that make up bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted
136
Nervous system
Body system composed of the brain spinal cord and nerves. Controls and coordinates all other systems which makes them work harmoniously and effiently
137
Neurology
The scientific study of the structure function and pathology of the nervous system
138
Neuron or nerve cell
The basic unit of the nervous system consisting of a cell body nucleons dendrites and axon
139
Nonstriated muscles
Function automatically with out conscious will
140
Nucleoplasm
Fluid within the nucleous of the cell that contains proteins and DNA determines our genetic makeup
141
Nucleus
The central part. Core.
142
Occipital artery
Artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles to the scalp and back of the head up to the crown
143
Occipitalis
Back of the epicranious. Muscle that draws the scalp backward
144
Opthalmic nerve
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin on the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp orbit eyeball and nasal passage
145
Orbicularis oculi
Ring muscle of the eye socket. Closes the eyelid
146
Orbicularis oris
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses contracts puckers and wrinkles the lips
147
Organelle
Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function
148
Organs
Structures of composed or specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals
149
Origin
Part of the muscle that does not move. It is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle
150
Os
Means bone and is used as a prefix in many medical terms
151
Osteology
Study of anatomy structure and function of the bones
152
Ovaries
Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics
153
Palatine bones
Two bones that form the hard palate of the mouth
154
Pancreas
Secretes enzyme producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbs proteins and fats. The islet of langergans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production
155
Parasympathetic division
Part of the autonomic nervous system. It operates under normal no stressful situations such as resting. It also helps to restore calm and balance the body after a stressful event
156
Parathyroid glands
Regulate blood calcium and phosphorous levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly
157
Parietal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the side and crown of the head
158
Parietal bones
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium
159
Pectoral is major and minor
Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm
160
Pericardium
Double layered membranous sac enclosing the heart made of epithelial tissue
161
Peripheral nervous system
System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system. Has both sensory and motor nerves
162
Peristalsis
Moving food along the digestive track
163
Phalanges
The bones in the fingers. Three in each finger and two in each thumb
164
Physiology
Study of the functions or activities performed by the body's structures
165
Pineal gland
A gland located in the brain. Plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism
166
Pituitary gland
A gland found in the center of the head. The most complex organ of the endocrine system. It affects almost every physiologic process of the body. Growth blood pressure contractions during childbirth breast milk production sexual organ functions in both men and women thyroid gland function and the conversion of food into energy
167
Plasma
Fluid part if the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells
168
Platelets
Much smaller then red blood cells. Contribute to the blood clotting process which stops bleeding
169
Platysma
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin
170
Posterior auricular artery
Artery that supplies blood to the scalp behind and above the ear
171
Posterior auricular nerve
Nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.
172
Procerus
Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose depresses the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
173
Pronators
Muscles that then the hand inward so that the palm faces downward
174
Protoplasm
Colorless jellylike substance in cells contains food elements such as protein fats carbs mineral salts and water
175
Pulmonary circulation
Sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified. Then back to the heard again
176
Radial artery
Artery along with numerous branches that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand.
177
Radial nerve
Nerve that with it's branches supplies the thumb side or the arm and back of the hand
178
Radius
Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side of the thumb
179
Red blood cells
Produces in the red bone marrow. Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs
180
Reflex
Automatic reaction to stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord.
181
Reproductive system
Body system that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in the female and the testes prostate gland penis and urethra in the male. This system performs the function or producing offspring and passing on the generic code from one generation to another.
182
Respiration
Process of inhaling and exhaling. The act of breathing the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs with in each cell
183
Respitory system
Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages enables breathing which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product
184
Ribs
Twelve pairs if bones forming the wall of the thorax
185
Risorius
Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back
186
Scapula
Shoulder blade. One of a pair of large flat triangular bone of the shoulder
187
Sensory nerves
Carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain where sensations such as touch cold hear sight hearing taste smell pain and pressure are experienced.
188
Serratus anterior
Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm
189
Seventh cranial nerve
It is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
190
Skeletol system
Physical foundation of the body composed of the bones and movable and immovable parts
191
Skin
External productive coating that covers the body. The body's largest organ. Acts as a barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements
192
Smaller occipital nerve
Located at the base of the skull affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear
193
Sphenoid bone
Bone that joins all the bones of the cranium together
194
Spinal cord
Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column
195
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head
196
Sternum
The flat home that forms the central support of the ribs
197
Striated muscles
Attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body mass. Controlled by the will
198
Submental artery
Artery that supplies blood to the chin and lower lip
199
Superficial temporal artery
A continuation of the external carotoid nerve artery. Artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front side and too of the head
200
Superior labial artery
Artery that supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose
201
Supinator
Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward
202
Supraorbital artery
Artery that supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead
203
Supraorbital nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the forehead scalp eyebrow and upper eyelid
204
Supratrochlear nerve
Nerve that affects the skin Between the eyes and upper side of the nose
205
Sympathetic division
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates of speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations such as in running from a dangerous situation or competing in a sports event
206
Systematic or general circulation
Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
207
Temporal bones
Bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
208
Temporal nerve.
Nerve affecting the muscles of the temple side of the forehead eyebrow eyelid and upper part of the cheek
209
Temporalis muscle
Temporal muscle. One of the muscles involved in mastication
210
Testes
Male organs wich produce the male hormone testosterone
211
Thorax
Consists of the sternum ribs and the thoracic vertebrae elastic bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart lungs and other internal organs
212
Thyroid gland
A gland located in the neck controls how quickly the body burns energy makes proteins and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
213
Tibial nerve
Division of the sciatic nerve. Passes behind the knees subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee the muscles of the calf the skin or the leg and the sole heel and underuse of the toes.
214
Tissue
Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
215
Transverse facial artery
Artery that supplies blood to the skin and masseter
216
Trapezius
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders
217
Triceps
Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
218
Tricuspid valve
The heart valve that prevents back flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle
219
Turbinal bones
Thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression
220
Ulna
Inner and larger bone of the forearm attached to the wrist on the side of the little fingers
221
Ulnar artery
Artery that supplied blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
222
Ulnar nerve
Sensory motor nerve that with it's branches affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
223
Valves
Structures that temporarily close a passage or permit flow in one direction only
224
Vascular system
Body system consisting of the heart arteries veins and capillaries for the distribution of blood through out the body
225
Veins
Thin walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries they contain cup like valves to prevent back flow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and the lungs
226
Ventricle
A thick walled lower chamber of the heart that receives blood pumped from the atrium. There is a right ventricle and a left ventricle
227
Venules
Small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into the veins
228
Vomer bone
Flat thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum
229
White blood cells
Perform the function of destroying disease causing germs
230
Zygomatic bones
Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks
231
Zygomatic nerve
Nerve that affects the skin of the temple side of the forehead and upper part of the cheek
232
Zygomaticus major and minor
Muscles of both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth these muscles elevate the lip pull the mouth upward and backward as when you are laughing or smiling
