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RCoN Patho Ch 6 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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2
Q

carcinoa

A

malignant tumor

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3
Q

tumor

A

swelling caused by # of conditions including inflammation, trauma ; mass of cells that arise b/c of overgrowth

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4
Q

neoplasm

A

abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and in uncoordinated with normal tissue; classified as benign or malignant

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5
Q

benign neoplasm

A

contain well differentiated cells; clustered together in single mass

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6
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

less well differentiated cells, have ability to break loose and enter circ or lymph system and from 2ndry malignancy tumor

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7
Q

neoplasia

A

abnormal growth and proliferations of abnormal cells

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8
Q

metastasisc

A

when cells detach from original tumor mass, invading surrounding tissue; enters blood or lymph system ; develops 2ndry tumor

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9
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

localized preinvasive lesion

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10
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of cell differentiation in cancer tissue

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11
Q

a tumor is named

A

by adding suffix -oma to the parenchymal tissue from which the growth originated or -carcinoma used to designate malignancy

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12
Q

benign tumors have lost

A

their ability to supress genetic program for cell proliferation but retained program for cell differentition; grow nd exapnd but remain localized- develop a fibrous capsule and a line of demarcation

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13
Q

malignant tumors cell growth

A

is uncoordinated, altered cell differentiation and growth

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14
Q

what problem does malignant tumor uncoordinated altered cell differentiation cause?

A

malignant neoplasms- invade and destroy nearby tissue- spread-grow rapidly-potential to cause death

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15
Q

cell characteristics of benign turmors

A

well differentiated, resemble cells is tissue or organ

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16
Q

cell characteristics of malignant turmor

A

undifferentiated, with anaplasia, atyplical structure often w/ little resemblance of cells in the tissue of origin

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17
Q

rate of growth of benign tumors

A

proggressive and slow- may come to standstill or regress

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18
Q

rate of growth of malignant tumor

A

variable- depends on level of differentiation= more undifferentiated cells= more rapid growth

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19
Q

undifferentiated cells

A

more rapid growth

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20
Q

manner of growth, benign tumor

A

by expansion- doesnt invade surrounding tissue- usually encapsulated

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21
Q

manner of growth malignant

A

grows by invasion, sends out processes that infiltrate surrounding tissue

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22
Q

metastasis of benign tumor

A

do not metastasize

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23
Q

metastasis of malignant tumors

A

gains access to blood nd lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of body

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24
Q

potential for death-benign tumor

A

only if tumor interferes with vital functions b/c of location

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25
Q

potential for death-malignancy

A

yes, b/c rapid growth, compress blood vessels, outgrown blood supply->ischemia and tissue injury-> causes imflammation

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26
Q

difference between cancer cells and normal cell

A

abnormal miotic division due to increased proliferation

27
Q

cancer cells characterized by 2 main features

A

abnormal and rapid proliferations and loss of differentiation

28
Q

spread of cancer through 3 pathways

A

direct invasion and extension
seeding
metastatic spread

29
Q

direct invasion and extension

A

synthesize and secrete enzymes that breakdown protein’s-> infaltration, invasion, penetration into surround tissue-> crablike projections

30
Q

seeding of cancer

A

in body cavities occur when tumor sheds cells into body cavities peritoneal space

31
Q

metastic spread

A

through blood or lymph system

32
Q

lymphatic metastatic cancer spread

A

first evidence of disease is presence of tumor cells in lymph nodes that drain the tumor area (breast cancer often spreads through lymph system)

33
Q

sentinel node

A

used to describe initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains

34
Q

hematologic metastatic cancer spread

A

blood spread- cancer cells enter venous flow that drains from tumor site - can also enter tumor associated blood vessels

35
Q

why is the liver a common site of metastasis

A

before entering general circulation- venous blood from gastro tract, pancreas, and spleen is routed through the portal vein in the liver

36
Q

key to metastasis

A

cancer cell must break loose from primary tumor, invade surroudning extracellular matrix, gain access to blood vessel, surive through blood stream, invade surround tissue, grow, estahblish blood supply

37
Q

2 categories for etiology of cancer

A

genetic and molecular mechanisms

host and environmental factors

38
Q

genetic and molecular mechanisms for causing cancer

A

cancer related genes are due to either over or under activity in gene

39
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

associated with overactivity of gene; normal genes that become cnacer causing oncogenes if activated

40
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

gene underactivity- creates enviro in which cancer is promtoted- prevents cell division

41
Q

host factors include

A

heredity, hormones, immunologic mechanisms

42
Q

heredity- host factor cause of cancer

A

pre-disposition to 50 cancers possible- which follow medelian inheritance patterns for single gene mutation- some cancers have normal autosomal dominant inheritance that increase risk of developing tumor
usually a point mutuation occurs in a single allele of a tumor supressor gene

43
Q

hormone- host factor causes of cancer

A

w/ respect to breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer in women; testicular and prostate cancer in men thought that hormones have ability to drive cell division of malignant phenotype- also concern for therapeutic hormones

44
Q

immunologic host factor causes of cancer

A

sub evidence- central concept says immune plays role in resistance against development of tumors- thought that cancer development associated with impairment or decline in immune system

45
Q

environmental cancer causing factors

A

chemical carcinogen
radiation
oncogenic viruses

46
Q

chemical carcinogen-environmental cause

A

direct or indirect

47
Q

direct chemical carcinogen

A

reacting agents do not require activation in the body to become carcinogenic

48
Q

indirect chemical carcinogen

A

reacting agents )procarcinogens or initiators) become active only after metabolic activation

49
Q

examples of chemical carcinogens

A

cigarette smoke (both procarcinogengs and initiators)
chewing tobacco
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
alcohol

50
Q

radiation- environmental cancer cause

A

ionizing radiation and UV radiation

51
Q

ionizing radiation- environmental cancer cause

A

effects in carcinogenesis have been well documented- cancer development depends on dose of radiation, gender, and age

52
Q

UV radiation- environmental cancer cause

A

sunlight=low energy rays that not penetrate deep=skin cancer develops in areas exposed= higher incidence in light complex ppl

53
Q

oncogenic virus- environmental cancer cause

A

virus that can induce cancer- plays role particularly in leukemia and lymphoma

54
Q

4 DNS viruses identified to cause cancer

A

HPV, epstein barr, hep b and human herpes virus in people with AIDS

55
Q

clinical manifestations of cancer

A

usually reflect primary site of involvement (local symptoms) and produces generalized manifestations unrelated to tumor site (paraneoplastic symtoms)

56
Q

tissue integrity (local) clinical manifestrations

A

tumors grow- compress and erode blood vessles->ulceration and necrosis-> frank bleeding and hemorrhage

57
Q

early sign of colorectal cancer?

A

blood in the stool

58
Q

damaged tissues doesnt

A

heal normally; sore that doesnt heal is a sign of cancer

59
Q

most common cause of pleural effusion

A

lung cancer, breast cancer, lymphomas

60
Q

common presenting signs of ovarian cancer

A

fluid in peritoneal cavity, increased urine urgency, feeling swelling/heaviness, short of breath

61
Q

systemic manifestations (systemic)

A

some manifestations not directly linked to presence of tumor mass but to altered metabolic pathways and presence of circulating cytokines and other mediators

62
Q

anorexia and cachexia

A

charac. by decre food intake, decreased taste, muscle wasting, due to hypermetabolic state and altered nutrition metabolism

63
Q

fatigue and sleep loss

A

due to cancer itself and cancer treatent. not relieved by sleep or rest and can persist for months or years after treatment

64
Q

anemia

A

may be related to blood loss, hemolysis, decreased RBC prod and secondary to treatments

RCoN Patho Ch 6 (1 decks)

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