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Psychology Midterm 4 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A
  • any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience
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2
Q

conditioning

A

learning associations between events in an environment

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3
Q

phobia

A
  • conditioning is an explaining

- irrational fears of specific objects

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4
Q

superstitious behaviour

A
  • linked to learning/operant conditioning
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5
Q

Pavlov experiment

A
  • identifies classical conditioning mechanism
  • presented meat powder and rang a bell, dog would drool because of meat powder
  • dog would begin to drool when bell was rang and no presentation of meat powder
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6
Q

classical conditioning

A
  • learning in which stimulus acquires capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A
  • stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
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8
Q

unconditioned response

A
  • unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
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9
Q

conditioned stimulus

A
  • previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
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10
Q

conditioned response

A
  • learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs due to previous conditioning
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11
Q

conditioned fears

A
  • scare jokes paired with experiences

- last for a very long time

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12
Q

exposure therapy

A
  • exposing someone gradually to a stimulus and increasing stimulus to reduce fear
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13
Q

evaluative conditioning

A
  • changes in the linking of a stimulus that results from pairing a stimulus with a positive stimulus
  • advertisements
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14
Q

evaluative conditioning controversy

A
  • some say they are long lasting some say they are short lasting
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15
Q

classical conditioning drug tolerance

A
  • when changing environments, not conditioned to have same tolerance as before
  • body prepares for it when in same environment, may overdose if not
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16
Q

trial

A
  • any presentation of stimulus or pair of stimuli

- need to happen close together

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17
Q

acquisition

A
  • initial stage of learning something
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18
Q

stimulus contiguity

A
  • occurring together in time and space
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19
Q

beemans gum

A
  • girlfriend offered boyfriend gum every time she saw him to condition positive feelings with seeing her
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20
Q

delayed conditioning

A
  • CS before
  • UCS at end of CS
  • ideal way
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21
Q

trace conditioning

A
  • CS
  • brief interval
  • present UCS
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22
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A
  • CS entire time presenting UCS
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23
Q

backward conditioning

A
  • present USC
  • then present CS
  • does not work well
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24
Q

extinction

A
  • gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response
  • if only presented with conditioned stimulus, conditioned response will stop
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25
Q

spontaneous recovery

A
  • extinguished response reappears after no exposure to conditioned stimulus
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26
Q

renewal effect

A
  • if a response if extinguished in a different environment, returning to original environment will cause response to return
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27
Q

stimulus generalization

A
  • when someone has learned a response to a stimulus, they associate that response to new stimuli similar to original
  • fear of rats=fear of all furry things
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28
Q

little albert

A
  • conditioned to have a fear of rats

- ended up being afraid of all things furry

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29
Q

discrimination

A
  • when someone has learned a response to a stimuli, they associate that response to only that specific stimulus
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30
Q

higher-order conditioning

A
  • a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
  • pair tone with red light then only show red light, response will still occur
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31
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A
  • have flu and eat something
  • throw up because of flu, not food
  • can no longer eat/smell that food without feeling nausea
  • very rapid conditioning
32
Q

biological influences linked to preparedness and phobias

A
  • could be biologically prepared to have certain types of connections (fears) and conditioned responses
  • most of which were treats to our ancestors (snakes, spiders etc)
33
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • learn due to consequences of behaviour
34
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A
  • law of effect
  • if response in presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between stimulus and response is strengthened
35
Q

what Thorndike did

A
  • put cats in puzzle box with food on outside
  • cat needed to perform certain tasks to escape from box
  • overtime there is a strengthening in associated concequences
36
Q

principle of reinforcement

A
  • pleasant consequences increase probability that behaviour will be repeated
37
Q

reinforcement

A
  • when an event following a response increases likelihood of response being repeated
38
Q

reinforcement contingencies

A
  • circumstances/rules that determine if response will receive a reinforcer
39
Q

reinforcer

A
  • positive reward
40
Q

primary reinforcer

A
  • satisfies biological needs

- naturally pleasant response

41
Q

secondary reinforcer

A
  • conditioned reinforcement
  • initially does not have pleasant response
  • money, grades, flattery
42
Q

superstitious behaviour

A
  • inappropriately reinforces behaviour

- superstitions

43
Q

operant chamber (skinners box)

A
  • had rats in box and if they press the lever they get food (reinforcement)
  • if they make a mistake they get shocked
44
Q

acquisition and shaping

A
  • reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
  • squirrel on water skis
45
Q

extinction burst

A
  • elimination of a behaviour by refusing to reinforce it
46
Q

resistance to extinction

A
  • when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of reinforcer has been terminated
47
Q

discriminative stimuli

A
  • cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences of a response
  • friend is more likely to give you money if they just won the lottery rather than if they just got a speeding ticket
48
Q

stimulus generalization

A
  • reinforcement generalizes to other stimuli

- cat runs to kitchen when learning can opener, starts running to kitchen when other kitchen appliances are being used

49
Q

stimulus discrimination

A
  • learn a response reinforcement that is very specific to that case
  • cat only runs for can opener, not blender
50
Q

continuous reinforcement

A
  • reinforcer every time we perform a behaviour

- fast acquisition and extinction

51
Q

intermittent (partial) reinforcement

A
  • not every response gets reinforced
  • not knowing what response will be reinforced you will keep making response in hope for reinforcement
  • slow to extinction
  • casino
  • most effective
52
Q

fixed or variable ratio schedules

A
  • fixed or variable number of non reinforced responses

- get reinforced after a certain number of responses

53
Q

interval schedule

A
  • reinforcer is given for the first response after a fixed or variable amount of time
  • when certain amount of time is passed, response is reinforced
54
Q

variable vs fixed

A
  • extinction takes longer in variable
55
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • by making response, something negative goes away

- makes it more likely that response will occur

56
Q

escape learning

A
  • organism requires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
  • rat runs out of room to stop shock
57
Q

avoidance learning

A
  • organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
  • fear of flying=drive instead
58
Q

punishment

A
  • trying to decrease the likelihood of a response taking place
59
Q

positive punishment

A
  • doing something that is aversive

- yelling, spanking

60
Q

negative punishment

A
  • taking away something that is good/desirable

- taking away cell phone

61
Q

physical punishment- good or bad

A
  • negative side effects
  • minimize physical punishment
  • more likely to be leading to negative behaviour later in life
62
Q

making punishment more effective

A
  • apply swiftly
  • just enough to be effective
  • consistent (same every time)
  • explain punishment so it is associated with the behaviour
  • use non-corporal punishment
63
Q

latent learning

A
  • learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs
  • tolman
64
Q

tolman

A
  • had mice in boxes with food in goal boxes
  • group A: food in goal box every time, number of errors decreased
  • group B: never had food in goal box, not much learning taking place, number of errors didn’t change mush
  • group C: doesn’t get food until day 11, sharp drop in number of errors after food
  • learning was taking place even though there was no reward
65
Q

instinctive drift

A
  • when an animals innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning process
  • tendency for animals to return to the natural behaviour
  • racoon would wash coin in bank commercial as if it were food
66
Q

Albert Bandura

A
  • suggested not all learning is classical and operant
  • suggested we learn from watching others who at as models of behaviour and learn from watching them
  • might use things you learned to receive reinforcement
67
Q

observational (vicarious) learning

A
  • when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who care called models
68
Q

process of observational learning

A
  • attention
  • rentention
  • reproducing
  • motivation
69
Q

attention

A

pay attention to behaviour and consequences

70
Q

retention

A

need to remember information

71
Q

reproducing

A

need to be capable of performing and reproducing behaviour

72
Q

motivation

A

need to be motivated to execute behaviour

73
Q

Bandura

A
  • via observational learning tried to see what children would imitate
  • children would watch adults be aggressive with doll
  • they would perform same behaviour to doll and more aggressive
74
Q

violent TV and children

A
  • seems to be a connection between violent TV and behaviour later in life
75
Q

mirror neurons

A
  • neutrons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing others perform the same action

Psychology Midterm 4 (2 decks)

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