Chapter #6 & #7 Exam Flashcards
Piaget or Vygotsky? Believed that children progressed through stages.
Piaget
Piaget or Vygotsky? Believed that learning came from social interactions
Piaget
Piaget or Vygotsky? Theory involved schemas.
Piaget
Who’s theory was nature and who’s was nurture?
Piaget: nurture, Vygotsky: nature
the basic building block of intelligent behavior - a way of organizing knowledge
Schema
fitting new information into current scheme
assimilation
revising or abandoning scheme to account for new information
accommodation
Assimilation or Accomidation? A 2-year-old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father’s horror the toddler shouts, “clown, clown”
assimilation
Assimilation or Accommodation? In the clown incident, the boy’s father explained to his son that the man was not a clown and that even though his hair was like a clown’s he wasn’t wearing a funny costume and wasn’t doing silly things.
Accommodation
children comfortably address new situations using their existing schemes and operations
equilibrium
mental “discomfort”
disequilibrium
the process of moving from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium
equilibration
the force which moves development along
equilibrium
What age range is the “sensorimotor stage”?
birth - age 2
What age range is the “preoperational stage”?
age 2 - 6/7
What age range is the “concrete operational stage”?
age 6/7 - 11/12
What age range is the “formal operational stage”?
age 12 - adulthood
Who’s theory consists of the “Four Stages of Cognitive Development”?
Piaget
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard
object permanence
sucking, looking, listening, and grasping are examples of… (2)
reflexed and sensorimotor schemes
At what stage in Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development does; reflex and sensorimotor schemes begin, goal-directed behaviors emerge, and object permanence emerges
Sensorimotor stage
unable to take someone else’s perspective
egocentrism
the recognition that an amount must stay the same if nothing is added or taken away despite changes in shape or arrangement
conservation
the recognition that an object can belong both to a particular category and to one of its subcategories simultaneously
class inclusion
can’t reserve something that just happened in their minds, cannot go back and think of something that just happened
irreversibility
focusing on one thing, one characteristic at a time
centration
At what stage in Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development consists of; limited mental manipulation, conservation, class inclusion, irreversibility, and centration.
preoperational stage
At what stage in Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development can a child mental manipulate and holds logical thoughts, can conserve, but has difficulty with abstract and counterfactual ideas
concrete operational stage
At what stage in Piaget’s Stage of Cognitive Development does a child have abstract and scientific reasoning, hypothetical ideas, contrary-to-fact ideas, and hold more idealism.
formal operational stage
Piaget or Vygotsky? Believed that children construct their knowledge
Vygotsky
Piaget or Vygotsky? Believed development cannot be separated from its social context
Vygotsky
Piaget or Vygotsky? Believed that all higher functions originate as social relationships
Vygotsky
Piaget or Vygotsky? Believed that language plays a central role in mental development
Vygotsky
tools that are partly or entirely symbolic
cognitive tools
the process of helping children make sense of experiences in cultural appropriate ways
mediation
What is self talk?
when thoughts and language first merge, children often talk to themselves
thinking about thinking
metacognition
when children speak to themselves mentally
inner speech
What comes first, self-talk or inner speech?
1.) Self-talk 2.) inner speech
the process through which social activities evolve into internal mental activities - hands out of mouth, sit on bottom
internalization
the range of tasks that children cannot perform independently yet can perform with guidance from adults, or in some cases, from peers or older children who are skilled in performing an activity
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Where does all learning occur?
Zone of proximal development
play where children practice complementary roles
sociodramatic play
Piaget or Vygotsky?
- Cognitive development is independent of language
- Developmental schemes are independent, requiring little guidance
- Interaction with peers is more valuable
- Culture is not important in determining thinking styles
- Educators should honor curiosity
Piaget
Piaget or Vygotsky?
- Language is essential for cognitive development
- Activities are facilitated & interpreted by more competent individuals
- Interaction with advanced individuals is more valuable
- Culture is critical in determining thinking styles
- Educators should guide children with cultural tools
Vygotsky
a family of perspectives that address how humans mentally acquire, interpret, and remember information
Information Processing Theory
Information Processing Theory: list in order
a.) information is retrieved
b.) information is momentarily held in short-term, or working, memory
c.) information is sensed and registered
d.) information is encoded and put in long-term memory
C - 1.) information is sensed and registered
B - 2.) information is momentarily held in short-term, or working, memory
D - 3.) information is encoded and put in long-term memory
A - 4.) information is retrieved
some/all of our senses that go into our working memory. The memory store where information first comes through the senses
sensory register
List 3 storage mechanisms
working memory, sensory register, and long-term memory
actively holding and thinking about new information
working memory
saving things they’ve learned from experience
long-term memory
Which type of memory? passive, lasts 0.5 - 3 seconds, affected by attention
short term memory
Which type of memory? active, any disruption to rehearsal/coding creates decay, holds 5 - 9 items at a time
working memory
the practice of repeating the use of information over and over in the stage of working memory stage is called?
rehearsal
Which type of memory? activated, organized by schemes, considered to have unlimited capacity and more-or-less permanent
long term memory
the act of transferring information from working memory to long term memory
encoding
—— in working memory and central executive enable children to handle increasingly complex cognitive tasks
three developmental trends
ability to perform tasks rapidly, little or no conscious efforts
automatization
the inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories
infantile amnesia
repeating over and over; repetition
rehearsal
identifying relations among pieces of information
organization
using prior knowledge to embellish new information
elaboration
techniques we deliberately use to learn or remember information
learning strategies
List the 3 learning strategies
rehearsal, organization, elaboration
significant deficit in one or more cognitive process
learning disability
weakness in central executive is likely, easily distracted, trouble listening/following directions, excessive energy, impulsivity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
detecting stimuli in the environment
sensation
interpreting stimuli
perception
a child’s genetic inheritance enables and directs certain kinds of growth
nature
the child’s physical environment, nutrition, relationships, and the broader setting of interaction
nurture
general growth pattern of development areas near the main neural area earlier than areas of the body that are more distant. This can be seen in human fetuses where the head is the first body part formed
cephalocaudal trend
describes the general tendency for developmental of motor skills to start at the center and radiate outwards from there. The middle is the first to develop and movement extends outwards from there. Infants will first learn to move their torso and then their arms and legs
Proximodistal trend
skills that are necessary to engage in smaller, more precise movements, normally using hands and fingers
fine motor skills
refers to physical skills that use large body movements, normally involving entire body
gross motor skills
deliberate thinking processes such as planning and decision making
executive functioning
where does executive functioining occur?
cortex within your forebrain
substances that may produce physical or functional defects
teratogens
List the 4 types of parenting styles
permissive, neglectful, authoritarian, athooritative
What type of parenting style?
- affectionate but provide few limits
- children may be demanding, disobedient, and dependent
- child-driven
- rarely gives or enforces rules
- overindulges child to avoid conflict
permissive
What type of parenting style?
- makes few demands and often appears uncaring
- children frequently have many difficulties
- uninvolved or absent
- provides little nurturance or guidance
- indifferent to child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs
neglectful
What type of parenting style?
- demand compliance but withhold affection
children may be withdrawn, aggressive, with low self-esteem
- parent-driven
- set strict rules and punishment
- one-way communication with little consideration of child’s social-emotional and behavioral needs
authoritarian
What type of parenting style?
- affectionate and responsive, assert authority but explain reasons
- children tend to be confident, cheerful, mature
- solves problems together with child
- sets clear rules and expectations
- open communication and natural consequences
changes that can be indicated by abilities and structure
qualitative
quantitative
a change in quality or amount
a pre-existing knowledge structure involving event sequences. Expected sequence of action
scripts
