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BIO160 The Mucsular System > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Latin word mus means?

A

little mouse

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2
Q

Essential function of muscle

A

contraction or shortening

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3
Q

What can be viewed as the “machines” of the body?

A

Muscles

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4
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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5
Q

Why are muscle cells called muscle fibers?

A

Because they are elongated, except for cardiac muscle cells

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6
Q

What is being referred to when you see the prefixes myo, mys and sarco?

A

Muscle is being refereed

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are packed into the organs called?

A

Skeletal muscles

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8
Q

The largest of the muscle fiber type

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle is also known as?

A

Striated muscle and Voluntary muscle

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10
Q

Why is Skeletal muscle called Striated muscle?

A

because its fibers have obvious

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11
Q

Why is Skeletal muscle called Voluntary muscle?

A

because it is the only muscle type subject to conscious control

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12
Q

Each muscle fiber is enclosed in a delicate connective tissue sheath called an?

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

Several sheathed muscle fibers are then wrapped by a coarser fibrous membrane called?

A

Perimysium

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14
Q

Perimysium form a bundle what fibers?

A

Fascicle

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15
Q

Many fascicles are bound together by an even tougher “overcoat” of connective tissue called?

A

Epimysium, which covers the entire muscle

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16
Q

Epimysia blend either into what?

A

Strong, cordlike tendons or into sheetlike aponeuroses, which attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue coverings.

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17
Q

The most important function of tendons

A

Providing durability and conserving space

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18
Q

What muscle type has no striations and is involuntary?

A

Smooth Muscle

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19
Q

Where can you find smooth muscle?

A

Mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages.

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20
Q

We can best describe Smooth muscle using the terms

A

Visceral, Non-striated and Involuntary

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21
Q

spindle shaped, single nucleus, and are surrounded by scant endomysium

A

Smooth cells

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22
Q

smooth muscles handle what kind of “activities”

A

“house keeping” activities

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23
Q

The contraction of smooth muscle is

A

slow and sustained

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24
Q

Where is the Cardiac muscle found and what does it form?

A

It is only found in the heart and it forms the bulk of the heart walls

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25
Q

How is Cardiac muscle similar to Skeletal and Smooth muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle is striated like skeletal muscle and involuntary like like smooth muscle

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26
Q

We can best describe Cardiac muscle using the terms

A

Cardiac
Striated
Involuntary

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27
Q

Cardiac fibers are cushioned by what?

A

small amounts of soft connective tissue (endomysium)

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28
Q

Cardiac muscles are arranged in

A

spiral or figure 8 shaped bundles

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29
Q

Cardiac muscles fibers are branching cells joined by special junctions called

A

Intercalated disks

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30
Q

The term muscular system applies specifically to what system?

A

Skeletal System

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31
Q

Main function of all muscle systems

A

Proving movement

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32
Q

3 main other functions of skeletal muscle

A

Maintains posture
Stabilizes joints
Generates heat

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33
Q

What are responsible for mobility of the body as a whole?

A

Skeletal muscles

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34
Q

Smooth muscles of blood vessel walls and cardiac muscle of the heart, work together to?

A

circulate blood and maintain blood pressure

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35
Q

What is important in reinforcing and stabilizing joints that have poorly fitting articulating surfaces (the shoulder joints, for ex)

A

muscle tendons

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36
Q

What is generated as a by-product of muscle activity?

A

Body heat

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37
Q

what accounts for atleast 40% of the body mass and is the most responsible for generating heat?

A

Skeletal muscle

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38
Q

Many nuclei can be seen beneath the plasma membrane, which is called

A

Sacrolemma

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39
Q

The nuclei are pushed aside by long ribbon like organelles

A

Myofibers

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40
Q

What give the muscle cell as a whole its striped appearance

A

Alternating light (I) and dark (A) bands along the length of the perfectly aligned myrofibers

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41
Q

The light band has a midline interruption, dark area called

A

Z disk

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42
Q

The dark A band has a lighter central area called the

A

H zone

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43
Q

The M line in the center of the H zone contains what?

A

tiny protein rods that hold adjacent thick filaments together

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44
Q

banding patterns reveal what?

A

working structure of the myofibrils

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45
Q

Myofibirls are actually chains of tiny contractile units called

A

sacromeres, which are alligned end to end like boxcars in a train along the length of the microfibirls

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46
Q

what produces the binding pattern?

A

arrangement of even smaller structures (myrofilaments) within sarcomeres produces the banding pattern

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47
Q

2 types of threadlike proteinmyofilaments

A

Thick filaments

Thin filaments

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48
Q

Another name for Thick filaments?

A

myosin filaments

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49
Q

Myosin filaments are made up of

A

mostly bundled molecules of the protein myosin

also contains ATPase enzymes

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50
Q

thing filaments are composed of the contractile protein called

A

actin

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51
Q

Another name for thin filament

A

actin filament

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52
Q

actin filaments are anchored to the

A

Z disk

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53
Q

A specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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54
Q

the main role of SR?

A

store calcium and to release it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract

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55
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are

A

multinucleate

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56
Q

Special functional properties of muscle cells

A

Excitability (responsiveness)

Contractility

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57
Q

What does Extensibility mean?

A

its the ability of muscle cells to be stretched

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58
Q

What does Elasticity mean?

A

Its the ability to recoil and resume their resting length after being stretched

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59
Q

What does Contractility mean?

A

Its the ability to shorten (forcibly) when adequately stimulated.

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60
Q

What does Excitability mean?

A

Its the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

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61
Q

To contract, skeletal muscle cells must be stimulated by

A

Nerve impulses

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62
Q

One neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a

A

motor unit

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63
Q

nerve fiber

A

A long, thread like extension of the neuron

64
Q

motor unit

A

One neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a

65
Q

What contains vesicles filled with a chemical referred to as a neurotransmitter?

A

Neuromuscular (nerve muscle)

66
Q

The specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells is called

A

acetylcholine or ACh

67
Q

Although the nerve ending and muscle cells’ membranes are very close, they never

A

touch

68
Q

The gap between nerve ending and muscle cells is called

A

synaptic cells

69
Q

synaptic cleft is filled with

A

tissue (interstitial) fluid

70
Q

Another name for nerve fiber

A

axon

71
Q

What 2 structures are closely associated at a neuromuscular junction?

A

The axon ending of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell

72
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminals?

A

Calcium channels open and calcium enters terminal
calcium entry causes some of the synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal to release acetylcholine
Then diffuses across the synatic cleft and attaches to receptors
If enough acetylcholine is released, the sarcolemma at that point becomes temporarily even more permeable to sodium ions.

73
Q

What ions enter the muscle cells during action potential generation?

A

Sodium ions

74
Q

What causes the filaments to slide?

A

When muscle fibers are activated by the nervous system, the myosin heads attach to binding sites on the thin filaments and the sliding begins

75
Q

The attachment of the myosin cross bridges to actin requires

A

Calcium ions

76
Q

In skeletal muscle, the “all of non” law of muscle physiology applies to the

A

muscle cell, not to the whole muscle

77
Q

The whole muscle reacts to stimuli with

A

Graded responses or different degree of shortening

78
Q

Graded muscle contractions can be produced 2 ways

A
  • changing the frequency of muscle stimulation

- changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time

79
Q

muscle twitches

A

single, brief, jerky contractions

80
Q

What does it mean the muscle is said to be in fused or complete tetanus or in tetanuc contraction?

A

When the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen and the contractions are completely smooth and sustained

81
Q

What produces stronger muscle contractions and what is its primary role?

A

Tetanus

Its primary role is to produce smooth and prolonged muscle contractions.

82
Q

True muscle fatigue

A

Muscle quits entirely. Commonly happens in marathon runners

83
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A
  • Isotonic

- Isometric

84
Q

What happens during Isotonic contractions?

A

The microfilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens and movements occurs.
Ex: bending the knee, rotating the arms and smiling

85
Q

Contractions in which the muscles do not shorten are called

A

isometric contractions

86
Q

The result of different motor units, when are scattered through the muscle, being stimulated by the nervous system in a systematic way

A

muscle tone

87
Q

What happens if the nerve supply to a muscle is destroyed?

A

The muscle is no longer stimulated and it loses tone and becomes paralyzed. Soon after it becomes flaccid (soft and flabby) and begins to atrophy (waste away)

88
Q

The join, the origin, is attached to where?

A

immovable or less movable bone

89
Q

insertion is attached where? when muscle contacts?

A

to the movable bone.

the insertion moves toward the origin

90
Q

Common types of body movements

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Rotation
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction
91
Q

Describe flexion

A

Movement generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the join and brings 2 bones closer together.
Flexion is typical of hinge joints (bending of knee or elbow)
Also common at ball and socket joints (bending forward at the hip)

92
Q

Describe extension

A

Opposite of flexion.

Increases the angle or the distance between 2 bones or parts of the body.

93
Q

Describe rotation

A

movement of the bone around its longitudinal axis

common movement of ball and socket joints and describes the movement of the atlas around the dens of the axis

94
Q

Describe abduction

A

moving a limb away from the midline or median place

applies to the fanning movement of the fingers or toes when they are spread apart

95
Q

Describe adduction

A

opposite of abduction

movement of a limb toward the body midline

96
Q

Describe circumduction

A

combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction commonly seen in ball and socket joints.

97
Q

Special movements that only occur at a few joints

A
  • Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
  • Inversion and eversion
  • Supination and pronation
  • Opposition
98
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion

Extension of the hand at the wrist

99
Q

Plantar flexion

A

depression on the foot

corresponds to flexion of the hand

100
Q

To invert the foot

A

turn the sole medially

101
Q

To exert the foot,

A

turn the sole laterally

102
Q

Supination and Pronation

A

backward and forward, refer to movements of the radius around the ulna

103
Q

Supination occurs

A

when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly and the radius and ulna are parallel

104
Q

Pronation occurs

A

when the forearm rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly

105
Q

Group of muscles that produce opposite movements

A

lie on opposite sides of a joint

106
Q

Muscles that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement is called the

A

prime mover

107
Q

Muscles that opposes or reverse a movement are

A

antagonists

108
Q

When a prime mover is active,

A

its antagonist is stretched and relaxed

109
Q

prime mover of elbow flexion

A

biceps

110
Q

prime mover of elbow extension

A

triceps

111
Q

Synergists help prime movers by

A

producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements.

112
Q

Specialized synergists

A

Fixators

113
Q

Function of fixators

A

They hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone.

114
Q

What action is being performed by a person who sticks his thumb to hitch a ride?

A

Abduction

115
Q

In what way are fixators and synergist muscles important?

A

They anchor or aid the prime mover

116
Q

rectus

A

straight

117
Q

oblique

A

the muscle fibers run obliquely (at a slant) to the imaginary line

118
Q

skeletal muscles consist of

A

fascicles, but fascicle arrangements vary, producing muscles with different structures and functional properties.

119
Q

General term for circular muscles

A

Sphincters (squeezers)

Ex: orbicularis muscles surrounding eyes and mouth

120
Q

In a convergent muscle,

A

the fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon

triangular or fan shaped

121
Q

In a parallel arrangement,

A

the length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
straplike

122
Q

A modification of the parallel arrangement is called

A

fusiform, results in a spindle shaped muscle with an expanded belly.
biceps brachii muscle of the arm

123
Q

In a pennate pattern

A

short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon

124
Q

A muscle fascicle arrangement determines its

A

range of motion and power

125
Q

contractile unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

126
Q

a muscle cell

A

Fiber

127
Q

plasma membrane of the muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

128
Q

a long filamentous organelle with a banded appearance found within muscle cells

A

myofibril

129
Q

actin- or myosin-containing structure

A

myofilament

130
Q

cord of collagen fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone

A

tendon

131
Q

From the inside out, name the three types of connective tissue wrappings of a skeletal muscle

A

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

132
Q

What overlapping structures cause the “banding” appearance of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Myofilaments actin and myosin

133
Q

Which of the following describes actin containing filaments?

A

They slide towards each other during contraction.

134
Q

What does it mean when the sarcolemma is depolarized?

A

A reverse of the electrical conditions of the membrane due to an influx of sodium ions

135
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine attaches to the sarcolemma and makes the membrane more permeable.

136
Q

What chemical triggers the sliding of the muscle filaments?

A

Calcium

137
Q

Which of the following describes complete tetanus of a muscle?

A

A smooth continuous contraction without any evidence of relaxation because stimulus is delivered rapidly and continually.

138
Q

What is the slowest pathway for ATP regeneration?

A

Aerobic respiration

139
Q

Which of the following describes isometric muscle exercise?

A

Muscle size and strength will increase because the muscle fibers are making more myofilaments.

140
Q

Which of the following correctly describes one of the five golden rules of skeletal muscle activity?

A

Most skeletal muscles cross at least one joint.

141
Q

When a person shakes the head to indicate “no,” what type of movement is being demonstrated?

A

Rotation

142
Q

What type of movement is indicated when a limb is moved toward the midline of the body?

A

Adduction

143
Q

Which of the following describes muscle insertion?

A

It moves toward the origin when a muscle contracts.

144
Q

When the knee is bent, the hamstring group of muscles contract. What is the insertion of this muscle group?

A

Tibia

145
Q

What is the significant role of synergists and fixators?

A

They stabilize a bone and prevent excessive unwanted movement.

146
Q

What criterion is used in naming the deltoid muscle?

A

Muscle shape

147
Q

What is the fascicle arrangement of the orbicularis oris muscle?

A

Circular

148
Q

What muscle compresses the cheek to hold food between the teeth during chewing?

A

Buccinator

149
Q

What muscle is responsible for the flexion of the head?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

150
Q

What muscle is a prime mover of arm abduction and also a favored site for administering intramuscular injections?

A

Deltoid

151
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A

Extension and adduction of the humerus

152
Q

Which muscle is responsible for knee flexion?

A

Biceps femoris

153
Q

What muscle is the prime mover for plantar flexion?

A

Gastrocnemius

154
Q

Which of the following describes muscle fatigue?

A

The muscle is unable to contract due to oxygen deficiency.

155
Q

Which of the following describes muscular dystrophy?

A

Muscle weakness due to atrophy and increased fat and connective tissue deposits

BIO160 The Mucsular System (2 decks)

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