Chapter 6

Question 1

Is it true or false that decision making, making judgements, or forcing opinions requires a a minimum amount of confidence that the decision is right and appropriate?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

We could devote energy to the decision making process indefinitely?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The time available for decision making is usually always accessible?

Answer 3

False (usually limited)

Question 4

At some point we must stop the search for information and make a decision?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

We tend to make better decisions if we have good information?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Gathering information takes time and effort away from other actions?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

The motivation to stop acquiring information and make a decision is provided by a for?

Answer 7

Need for Closure (NFC)

Question 8

What is defined as a desire for a definite answer to a question, as opposed to uncertainty, confusion, or ambiguity?

Answer 8

Need for Closure (NFC)

Question 9

Motivation for Closure operates along a continuum from a strong NFC and at the other end with a strong need to?

Answer 9

Avoid Closure

Question 10

Is it true that NFC decreases when there is a perceived benefit for Closure?

Answer 10

False (increases)

Question 11

What two things may affect NFC?

Answer 11

Situation and differences

Question 12

Situations that increase NFC are deadlines or time pressure, with resources must be allocated elsewhere, when significant others value having a decision made, when a decision is required and anytime information processing is difficult or unpleasant such as loud environment, thinker is tired or fatigued, thinker is intoxicated or task is dull

Answer 12

True

Question 13

The NFC may be lowered when the situation highlights the costs of closure and the benefits of openness such as?

Answer 13

Fear of invalidity and concerns about committing costly error of judgement

Question 14

Can situations that increase NFC exist at the same time as situation that reduce NFC?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What kind of differences are these? People differ in their need for Closure, it is presumed that need for Closure is a stable personality trait, other people have great difficulty forming opinions, and these differences come from culture and personal socialization

Answer 15

Individual differences

Question 16

What was developed to measure individual differences in NFC?

Answer 16

NFC Scale

Question 17

Is it true or false that statistics have broken the possible results down according to five factors?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Is it true that the NFCS has been translated into several different languages and that the NFCS has been found to be valid across cultures?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What is the tendency to seize on Closure quickly and any delay in Closure is experienced as unpleasant?

Answer 19

Urgency Tendency

Question 20

What is the desire to keep a state of Closure? They try to freeze or preserve past knowledge or try to safeguard future knowledge?

Answer 20

Permanence Tendency

Question 21

Is it true or false that the higher the NFC, the less information people will seek before making a decision or judgement or forming an opinion?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Is it true or false that the more hypothesis a person considers the less confident they are in their judgement and the fewer hypothesis a person considers, the more certain they are of their judgement? And what is it called?

Answer 22

True and it is called subjective confidence

Question 23

With heightened NFC, people are more likely to seize on early cues in judgement making? And what is it called?

Answer 23

True and Cue Utilization

Question 24

What is the tendency to base one’s social impressions on early information about that person, to the relative neglect of subsequent, equally relevant information? And it is similar to a first impression and have been found to be stronger when situational or individual factors favor NFC?

Answer 24

Primacy

Question 25

Represent the seizing and freezing on initial knowledge activated and hence made accessible by the anchor? Also it is similar to primacy and is used in negotiations?

Answer 25

Anchoring

Question 26

Also called fundamental attribution error that refers to an attribution's tendency to overascribe an actors behavior to his or her unique attitudes or personality, and to underestimate the extent to which the situation is capable of eliciting such behavior behavior from most people

Answer 26

The Correspondence Bias

Question 27

Effects that seems to happen when the task is introduced after the information is introduced?

Answer 27

Recency Effects

Question 28

What effects is strongest when the task is introduced before the information is introduced?

Answer 28

Primacy