Chapter 6 Flashcards
What is the study of the human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; it is the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts?
Anatomy
What is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body’s structures?
Physiology
What does the ending -ology mean?
Study of
What are the basic units of all living things?
Cells
What substance are the cells of all living things composed of?
Protoplasm
A colorless jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present. You can visualize the _______ of a cell as being similar to raw egg white.
Protoplasm
In addition to protoplasm, most cells also include what?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and the cell membrane
The _____ is the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; it plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.
Nucleus
The ______ is the watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus of the cell and is needed for growth, reproduction, and self-repair. It is the protoplasm of the cell.
Cytoplasm
______ is the usual process of cell reproduction of the human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells.
Mitosis
_____ is a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Tissue
What are examples of connective tissue?
Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and adipose tissue
_____, a technical term for fat.
Adipose tissue
_______ is a protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.
Epithelial tissue
_________ carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is composed of special cells known as neurons that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
Nerve tissue
_____ are structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals.
Organs
___________ are groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions.
Body systems
The ________ forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of ____ bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by moveable and immovable joints.
Skeletal system, 206
______ . An oval, bony case that protects the brain.
Cranium
_______. The framework of the face that is composed of ___ bones.
Facial skeleton, 14
______. Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.
Occipital bone
Is joint pain usually caused by the joint itself or inflammation of the tissue surrounding the joint?
The tissue surrounding the joint
You have over ___ moveable and semi-moveable joints in your body.
230
____________. Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.
Sphenoid bone
________, also known as malar bones or cheekbones. Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks. There are two ________ bones.
Zygomatic bones, zygomatic
_____, also known as chest or pulmonary trunk. Consists of the sternum, runs, and thoracic vertebrae. It is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
Thorax
____. Inner and larger bone in the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist, and located on the side of the little finger.
Ulna
______. Smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb.
Radius
____. Heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee.
Femur
_____. The part of the muscle that does not move and is attached closest to the skeleton.
Origin
_____. The middle part of the muscle.
Belly
_______. The part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton.
Insertion
Pressure in massage is usually directed from the ______ to the ______.
Insertion. Origin
What is Sternocleidomastoideus?
The muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head.
Obricularis oculi muscle.
Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes.
Corrugator muscle.
Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscle that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle.
Thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application
Trapezius
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and the upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm.
Pronator
Muscle that turns the hand onward so that the palm faces downward
Abductors.
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abductors separate the fingers
Adductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, onward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity.in the hand, adductors draw the fingers together.
The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system is known as _____.
Neurology
The nervous system can be divided into ____ main subdivisions.
Three
The __________ consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It controls consciousness and many mental activities, functions of the five senses(sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell), and voluntary muscle actions, including all body movements and facial expressions.
Central nervous system (CNS)
The ______ is the part of the central Nervous system contained in the cranium. It is the largest and most complex organization of the nerve tissue and it controls sensation, muscles, activity or glands, and the power to think, sense, and feel.
Brain
____ are whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers, held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
Nerves
A _____ is an automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord.
Reflex
The largest cranial nerves is the _______, also known as ______ or _______.
Fifth cranial nerve, trifacial nerve, trigeminal nerve
Affects the muscles of the chin, lower lip, and external ear.
Mandibular nerve
Supplies impulses to the upper part of the face.
Maxillary nerve
Affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.
Temporal nerve
Affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
Marginal mandibular nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg.
Sural nerve
Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and waste removal and then returns that blood to the heart (left atrium) so oxygen-rich blood can be delivered to the body.
Pulmonary circulation
Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; ____ contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing backward. ______ carry blood containing waste products back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen. ____ are located closer to the outer skin surface of the body than arteries.
Veins
It is bright red in the arteries (except for the pulmonary artery) and dark red in the veins. The color change occurs with the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen as the ____ passes through the lungs, and again with the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide as the _____ circulates throughout the body.
Blood
The _____________ are the main arteries that supply blood to the head, face, and neck.
Common carotid arteries
The ______________ is made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels.
Lymphatic/immune system
The word integument means
A natural covering
_______, also known as ductless glands,such as the thyroid and pituitary glands, release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine glands
______ are secretions, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen, that stimulate functional activity or other secretions in the body.
Hormones
Plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism.
Pineal gland
Is very common and sometimes can be seen by cosmetologist as a change in the growth rate of hair or nails or quality or texture of hair or nails that changes significantly.
Thyroid malfunction
The _________ includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in the male.
Reproductive system
The reproductive system produces hormones—primarily estrogen in females and primarily testosterone in males.
Acne, loss of scalp hair, facial hair growth and color, and darker skin pigmentation dare some of the results of changes or fluctuating hormones
