Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning is defined as “the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring ____ or ____”

Answer 1

Information; behaviors

Question 2

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which we associate ______, and operant conditioning, and which we associate ______.

Answer 2

Two or more stimuli; a response and consequence

Question 3

In pavlov’s experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a ____ stimulus

Answer 3

Conditioned

Question 4

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of

Answer 4

Discrimination

Question 5

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned little Albert to fear a white rack, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and sealskin coat. This illustrates

Answer 5

Generalization

Question 6

Thorndikes law of effect was the basis for ____ work on operant conditioning and behavior control.

Answer 6

Skinner’s

Question 7

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called

Answer 7

Shaping

Question 8

Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stopped barking, your ears stop ringing, anything to yourself, I’ll have to do that when she barks again. The end of the barking was for you a

Answer 8

Negative reinforcer

Question 9

Reinforcing the desired response only some of the times it occurs is called _____ reinforcement

Answer 9

Partial

Question 10

I restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy for meals at full price your fifth Mia will be free. This is an example of ___ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 10

Fixed ratio

Question 11

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods It is a ____ schedule

Answer 11

Variable-interval

Question 12

An old saying a burnt child dreads the fire. And operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a

Answer 12

Punisher

Question 13

Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus?

Answer 13

Garcia and koelling taste-aversion studies

Question 14

Taste-Aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain pace but not to sights or sound. This finding supports

Answer 14

Darwins principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival

Question 15

Evidence that cognitive processes playing important role in learning comes in part from studies and which rats

Answer 15

Develop cognitive maps

Question 16

Rats that explored a maze without any reward for later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated

Answer 16

Latent learning

Question 17

Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called

Answer 17

Observational learning

Question 18

According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience ____ reinforcement or ______ punishment

Answer 18

Vicarious; vicarious

Question 19

Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if

Answer 19

Their words and actions are consistent

Question 20

Some scientists believe that the brain has ____ neurons that enable observation and imitation

Answer 20

Mirror

Question 21

Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence

Answer 21

Dull’s viewers sensitivity to violence