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General Biology I E2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

All organisms are made of

A

cells

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2
Q

Cells

A

the simplest collection matter that can live

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3
Q

Cell Structure

A

the intimately correlated to its function

  • i.e. epithelial cell is flat and “plate-like”; functions to create a good barrier
  • i.e. fibroblast: “molecular bandaid”
  • i.e. neuronal cell is long and branched
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4
Q

Microscopy

A

the study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry

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5
Q

Light Microscopes (LM)

A

2 types:

1) Brightfieqld microscopy
2) Fluorescent microscopy

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6
Q

Brightfield Microscopy

A
  • passes visible light through a specimen and magnifies cellular structures with different types of microscopes, lenses, and dyes
  • can look at living cells
  • don’t have resolution to look at a specific molecule very carefully
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7
Q

Fluorescent Microscopy

A
  • shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging (or highlighting) the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies.
  • ## fluorescent substances absorb ultraviolet radiation and emit visible light
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8
Q

Electron Microscopes (EM)

A

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen (TEM) or onto its surface (SEM)

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9
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A
  • provides for detailed study of the surface of a specimen (cell or tissue)
  • i.e. showing that a rabbit trachea is covered with motile organelles called cilia
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10
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A
  • provides for detailed study of the internal ultrastructure of cells
  • structures inside of a cell
  • i.e. profiles a thin section (cut through/cross sections) of tracheal cell revealing untrastructures
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11
Q

All cells contain:

A

1) plasma membrane
2) cytosol (semifluid substance/ aqueous environment found in outer membrane)
3) chromosomes (genome)
4) ribosomes (enzyme that synthesizes proteins)

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

-do not contain a nucleus and have their DNA located in an (enriched) region called the nucleoid

  • have nucleoid: region of cell that contains the genome, not membrane bound
  • cell wall, may have flagella and pili

-i.e. bacteria

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions, contain a true nucleus bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
  • generally quite a bit bigger than prokaryotic cells
  • their internal membranes form organelles (membrane bound)

-i.e. plants

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14
Q

Pili

pic

A

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

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15
Q

Nucleoid

pic

A

region where the cell’s DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane)

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16
Q

Ribosomes

pic

A

organelles that synthesize proteins

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17
Q

Plasma membrane

pic

A

membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Cell Wall

pic

A

rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Capsule

pic

A

Jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes

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20
Q

Flagella

pic

A

locomotion organelles of some bacteria

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21
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • functions as a selective barrier and allows sufficient passage of nutrients and waste
  • composed of phospholipids and proteins and contains a hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
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22
Q

Plant and animal cells

A

contain most of the same organelles but their extracellular components may be different

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23
Q

3 types of unique intercellular junctions in animal cells

A

1) tight junctions
2) desmosomes
3) gap junctions

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24
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • anchor cells together along their vertical lines
  • proteins that work between the two cells
  • form a glue that completely seals the gap between the two cells and does not let anything pass between the two cells
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25
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • composed of proteins

- some proteins that anchor or hold the cells together but let liquid pass through

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26
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • create a direct portal between cells, so liquid can flow through those cells but it cant actually get inside other cells
  • switch info from one cell compartment to another
  • a way for cell’s to communicate
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27
Q

Structures in animal cells (not in plant cells)

A
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrosomes
  • Flagella (in some plant sperm)
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28
Q

Structures in plant cells (not in animal cells)

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Central Vacuole and tonoplast
  • Cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata (similar to gap junctions)
29
Q

Nucleus

A

houses the genetic instructions of a eukaryotic cell

-containts most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope

30
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

separating the nucleus’ contents from the cytoplasm

31
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • function: carry out the protein synthesis (genetic instructions)
  • can be found bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or in the cytosol
  • are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein (hybrid enzyme)
  • are composed of 2 major subunits (large and small subunit) (looks like a mushroom)
32
Q

Endomembrane System

A

-regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in he cell and includes many different structures including: the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles

33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • adjacent to nucleus
  • membrane bound organelle
  • membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope
  • composed of two distinct regions: smooth and rough
34
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • lack ribosomes
  • function: synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores calcium and detoxifies poison
  • has enzymes to degrade toxins
35
Q

Rough ER

A
  • contain ribosomes
  • function: produces proteins and membranes, which are distributed by transport vesicles
  • ribosome can secrete and produce proteins into the lumen (space in between)
  • proteins destined to be released outside of the cell will be synthesized in the ER

i.e. insulin

36
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • receives the transport vesicles produced in the rough ER
  • consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
  • functions: modification of the products of the rough ER (i.e. proteins) and manufacture of certain macromolecules
  • receives information on one side, the cis side
  • proteins and carbs are moved through the Golgi/ through the cisternae
  • leave on the trans side
  • “Home Depot” of the cell
  • cisternae maturation model
37
Q

cisternae

A

flattened membranous sacs found in the Golgi apparatus

38
Q

process within the Golgi

A

1) vesicles move from the ER to the Golgi
2) vesicles coalesce to form new cis Golgi cisternae
3) cisternal maturation
4) vesicles form and leave Golgi, carrying specific proteins to other locations
(trans face: “shipping” side of Golgi apparatus)
5) vesicles transport specific proteins backward to newer Golgi cisternae
6) vesicles also transport certain proteins back to ER

39
Q

Lysosome

A
  • a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest all kinds of macromolecules
  • can come off of the Golgi, carry things that can break things down
  • carry out intracellular digestion by: phagocytosis or autophagy
40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“to eat”

  • engulf or ingest with enzymes
  • cell will take in some solid molecule; lysosome with “eat” (cell gets nutrients)

i.e. destruction of foreign particles

41
Q

Autophagy

A
  • involves the recycling of damaged organelles by the breakdown of the material with enzymes
  • can fuse or merge with a damaged organelle and break it down and recycle it

i.e. breakdown of nucleic acids

42
Q

a plant or fungal cell may have one or several …

A

vacuoles

43
Q

Food vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis

44
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of protist cells

-like a motor

45
Q

Central vacuoles

A

found in plant cells and hold reserves of important organic compounds (sugar, protein) and water

46
Q

Endomembrane system review

A

a complex and dynamic player in the eukaryotic cells compartmental organization

1) nuclear envelope is connected to rough ER, which is also continuous with smooth ER (can give rise to vesicles)
2) membranes and proteins produced by the ER flow in the form of transport vesicles to the Golgi
3) Golgi pinches off transport vesicles and other vesicles that give rise to lysosomes and vacuoles
4) lysosome available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion
5) transport vesicle carries proteins to plasma membrane for secretion
6) plasma membrane expands by fusion of vesicles; proteins are secreted from the cell

47
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

change energy from one form to another namely, chemical energy to a form that can be used for cellular work

  • plants have both
48
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
  • are the sites of cellular respiration and the majority of ATP synthesis

“power-house”

i.e. heart cells have lots of mitochondria

49
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • found only in plants
  • capture light energy (and convert to chemical energy; water, ATP, oxygen) and are the sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll, and are specialized members of a family of closely related plant organelles called plastids
50
Q

Plastids

A

chloroplasts are specialized members of a family of closely related plant organelles called this

51
Q

Mitochondria structure and function

A
  • enclosed by 2 smooth membranes
  • outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
  • sites of cellular respiration and generate ATP from the breakdown of proteins, fats, and sugars
  • major source of ATP for the cell
  • have their own DNA
52
Q

Chloroplasts structure and function

A
  • have two membranes
  • found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae
  • where photosynthesis happens
  • contain their own DNA
  • structure includes:
    1) Thylakoids: membranous sacs/ form stacks
    2) Stroma: the internal fluid contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
  • Granum
53
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers that organizes structures and activates in the cell and extends throughout the cytoplasm

  • function: provides mechanical support to the cell and regulates cell motility or movement
  • “highway” of the cell
54
Q

Motor proteins

A

can move along the cytoskeleton and participate in cellular movement, shape change, and contraction

  • can stick to cytoskeleton
  • grab cargo and move along cytoskeleton
55
Q

Myosin

A

a motor protein that facilitates muscle contraction and uses ATP

  • many diverse functions
  • can transport vesicles (cargo)
56
Q

3 main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

A

1) Microtubules
2) Microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments

57
Q

Microtubules

A
  • function: shape the cell and guide the movement of organelles
  • help separate the chromosomes copies in dividing cells (i.e. mitotic spindle)
  • are hollow tubes composed of tubular molecules
  • may grow out of the centrosome
  • composed of protein tubulin
58
Q

Centrosome

A

located near the nucleus and is considered to be a “microtubule-organizing center”

  • contains a pair of centrioles
  • helps produce microtubules
59
Q

Centrioles

A

composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranging in a ring
-help “pull” cells apart

60
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A
  • contain specialized arrangements of microtubules
  • are locomotor appendages of some cells
  • may provide cellular movement or propulsion by beating or undulating (“whip”)
  • can extend from a tissue layer to move fluid over the surface of the tissue
  • microtubules can be found in these

i.e. cilia lining the airways move debris out of the lungs

61
Q

Dynein

A 
a protein (enzyme) that is responsible for causing cilia and flagella to move
-cause molecular motion
62
Q

Cilia and flagella structure

A

share a common ultrastructure

  • microtubules arranged in a symmetric ring
  • contain a central pair of microtubules
  • are enclosed by a membrane
63
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • composed of protein actin
  • built from molecules of the protein actin and are found in microvilli
  • twisted chains of actin proteins that provide support (and shape) and help bear tension
64
Q

Microfilament function

A
  • function in cellular motility

- contain the motor protein myosin that can walk along actin filaments

65
Q

Myosin motors

A

move along actin filaments causing cellular (muscle) contraction, amoeboid movement, or cytoplasmic streaming in plants

66
Q

Plant extracellular structures

A

contain cellulose and proteins that are different than extracellular animal structures

67
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A
  • lack cell walls and are covered by an elaborate matrix

- made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules

68
Q

ECM functions

A

1) Support: help hold cell in place
2) Adhesion: allow cell to adhere to a particular location
3) Movement: extend processes and (attaching itself) move itself along the ECM

69
Q

Cells rely on…

A

the integration of structures and organelles in order to function

  • cell is a living unit that is greater than the sum of its parts
    i. e. phagocytic immune cells (white blood cells) ingest infectious bacteria

General Biology I E2 (5 decks)

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