CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
_____ % of the worlds population smokes (p.136)
a) 10
b) 20
c) 25
d) 30
e) 35
b; 20
_____ is the number 1 cause of preventable death and disease
a) smoking
b) drinking
c) marijuana
d) eating disorders
a; smoking
What did a canadian study find regarding the effect of individuals moving across the poverty line?
they were more likely to quit smoking
When do people usually start smoking?
teens
What age group is the highest rate of smoking found?
a) 14-20
b) 20-35
c) 40-50
d) 50+
b; 20-35
What gender smokes more?
a) males
b) females
c) equal
a;males
How does SES influence smoking behaviours?
a) smoking increases as SES increases
b) smoking decreases as SES decreases
c) smoking decreases as SES increases
d) smoking increases as SES decreases
d - smoking rates decrease as income and job prestige and education increases. Those in the lowest income bracket showed highest ratings of smoking (p.135, 137)
Men in the country ______ smoke 1/3 of the world cigarettes
china
Where are the highest rates of smoking in Canada found?
a) teenagers
b) business men
c) aborginal & inuit
d) immigrants
c; p.138
studies in which non-smoking 12- to 15-year olds are asked to nominate their favourite movie stars. One-third of the non-smokers nominated a star who smoked onscreen. When smoking status was assessed 3 years later, the earlier “star” nomination predicted smoking behaviour. The influence was strongest for ______.
girls
Incidents of smoking in movies in recent years have ____ compared with historically
a) increased
b) decreased
c) remained the same
d) smoking is not allowed in movies
a (p.139)
What is thought to be most predictive of future smoking behaviour? Was other factors have also been shown to be related?
situational factors (peer pressure) ; person characteristics (low self-esteem, social isolation, rebilous)
What neurotransmitter was found to be most predictive of later smoking behaviours?
a) cortisol
b) norephineprine
c) serotonin
d) domamine
d; p. 140
A common misconception is that smoking helps control _______
weight
What are the 4 factors outlined by the textbook that tend to initate adolescent smoking?
parental modelling, peer influence, adversiting, personal characteristics
WHat are the findings regarding immigrants smoking?
a) non-european immigrants are less likely than canadians to smoke
b) european immigrants are less likely than canadains to smoke
c) non-european immigrants are more likely than canadians to smoke
d) european immigrants are more likely than canadains to smoke
a; 138
Adolescents are more likely to smoke if they have
a) one parent who smokes
b) both parents who smoke
c) parents or older siblings who smoke
d) peers who smoke
C; 138
Both _____ & ______ are likely to be important causative factors of smoking
modelling & peer pressure
When asked why they smoked 11-15 yr olds reported ____ playing a role
image.( IT was associated with being attractive, glamorous and exciting, rebellious, tough and mature (p.139)
What are the 4 reasons outlined by Tomkins (p.140) as to why people become regular smokers?
positive affect smoker - achieve a + affect, increase stimulation, relaxation, etc
negative affect smoker - aims to reduce negative affect, anxiety, stress, etc
habitual smokers - probably started to increase PA or decrease NA but now they continue without awareness of why
addcitive smokers - have dev a psychological dependence, they feel something is wrong when they are not smoking (p.140)
What is a characteristic of addictive smokers?
smoke
What type of tabacco products were used most by youth age 15-19? a)cigarillos B) cigars c) smokeless tabacco d) waterpipe
a; p. 141
Those who smoke from ____ show a marked reduction in the amount they smoke when asked to keep a record of cigarettes smoked; this is not the case with those who smoke for _____
a) positive affect; negative affect
b) negative affect; positive affect
c) habit; pleasure
d) pleasure; habit
c; p.141
_____ smokers are more likely to smoke a cigaretee that has been dipped in vinegar
a) negative affect
b) habit
c) pleasure
d) addicted
d; p.141
What are the 3 possible genetic assoications with smoking (p. 141)
- genes contribute to personality factors underlying smoking
- contintribute to amount of pleasure found in smoking
- reaction to nicotine influence the rate of possible dependence
How long does it take nicotine to reach the brain?
a) 5s
b) 10s
c) 15s
d) 20s
b; p. 141
How do the warning labels on cigarette packs attempt to influence people?
fear appeals
p.142
Cigarette warning labels must cover _____% of the package
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 100%
c; p.142
In response to warning labels on cigarette packages, those who reported greater _______ were more likely to quit, attempt to quit, or reduce their consumption
a) negative emotion
b) positive emotion
c) avoidance
a; p. 142
Health Canada determined that the rate of premature death (before age 70) for lifelong smokers (both males and females) was___ to those people who had never smoked
a) equal
b) twice
c) three
d) half
b; p. 143
the risk of dying of cardiovascular disease is about _____ as high for smokers as for non-smokers
a) equal
b) twice
c) three
d) half
b; p. 143
Smokers who are ____ are at greater risk of contracting and dying from cardiovascular diseases
women
How does nicotine contribute to heart disease?
stimulant effect cause increase heart rate, blood pressure and constriction of blood vessles
p. `143
What is the leading cause of death in canada?
a) viruses
b) cancer
c) heart disease
d) stroke
b; p.143
What percent of cancer related deaths in Canada are the result of smoking?
a) 50
b) 75
c) 80
d) 25
c; p.143
Virtually all ________ are experienced by smokers.
a) chronic lower respiratory diseases
b) lung cancer
c) heart disease
d) stroke
a; p/144
What has second hand smoke been renamed as ? What is breating it in called ?
Environmental tobacco smoke ; passive smoking
What population are especially susceptible to second hand smoke?
Pregnant women, fetuses, and young children
What are the consequence of second hand smoke while pregnant?
Infant death syndrome and ear infections, reduced lung development, and increased severity of asthma and other respiratory illnesse
Successful quitting smoking is lowest in what age range and highest in what age range?
Lowest in 15-19 (70%)
What are some of the nicotine withdrawal symptoms?
reduction in concentration, atten- tion, and memory, combined with an increase in anxiety, irritability, and moodiness
After quitting when do odds of survival align with that of the general population?
a) 3-5 yrs
b) 5-10 yrs
c) 15-20 yrs
d) 25 yrs
c; p. 145
When do most smoking relapses occur?
a) the first 3 days
b) the first week
c) the first month
d) the first 3 months
d; p. 145
In a survery by health Canada what was the reason most associated with qutting?
a) increased cost
b) change of lifestyle
c) own present health
d) own future health
d; p. 145
What is the number one method of qutting smoking?
a) reducing daily smoking
b) nicotine replacement therapies
c) pharmacological therapies
d) cold-turkey
a; p. 146
What type of quit smoking therapies are most effective?
a) psychological interventions
b) nicotine-replacement therapy
c) both a & b
d) neither a nor b
c; p. 146
What is the combination of nicotine replacement and psychological interventions known as
Multidimensional
What percentage of smokers quitting used nicotine replacement therapies?
a) 20
b) 25
c) 30
d) 35
d; p. 146
What are the two approaches to smoking cessation?
Aversion therapies or self-management strategies
What are aversion therapies as they relate to smoking?
Pairing eliminated behaviour with unpleasant stimulus
Which aversive technique for smoking is least used?
Rapid smoking
What are self-management strategies for smoking used for?
Overcome environmental conditions associated with smoking; self-monitoring, stimulus control, behavioural contracting
What are self-monitoring stratgeies as they relate to smoking?
Record the amount of cigarettes, at what time, location mood
What are stimulus control stratgeies as they relate to smoking?
Removing the cues that make a person smoke
WHAT TYPE of self management strategy would involve? Having the person deposit a large sum of money that he or she will lose if the contract is broken?
a) self-monitoring
b) stimulus control
c) behavioural contracting
c: p. 147
` \_\_\_\_\_ % of Canadians have drank alcohol in the last 12 months a) 60 b) 70 c) 80 d) 90
d; p.147
What gender is more likely to be non-drinkers?
Females
_______ are more likely t to report drinking alcohol at least once a week; to exceed the low-risk guidelines; to “binge” drink
men
In men what is considered binge drinking?
More than 5 drinks in a single sitting
What are the low risk guidelines associated with drinking?
Men: no more than 15 drinks & 3 per day
Women: no more than 10 & 2 per day
Who was most likely to exceed the low-risk drinking guideline?
18-24 year olds and single persons
p. 148
What income class is likely to exceed the low-risk drinking guidelines?
highest ; p. 148
What are the differences in alcohol consumption with level of education and urban vs rural?
No differences found
What was found in students who consumed alcohol mixed with energy drinks?
leave a bar highly intoxicated, take advan- tage of someone sexually, or be taken advantage of, and either drive or ride in a vehicle when the driver was under the influence of alcohol
What is the hypothesized mechanism of mixing alcohol with energy drinks?
The carbonation of the energy drink permits a quicker absorption of alcohol while the caffeine of the energy drink may mask the drowsiness associated with alcohol leading the consumer to be less aware of their physical impairment; not all research supports this though p. 148
What type of drug is alcohol?
Depressant
wHat effects to alcohol have on the nervous system?
Slows, depresses centers of the brain to inhibit actions and control behaviour
Excessive use of alcohol is associated with,
_____ _____ and _____ ____
Higher mortality and shorter life span
What are hangovers caused by?
Mild alcohol withdrawal
Death may occur when alcohol is taken with
Other depressant drugs
What is the leading cause of mental retardation in the world?
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Specifically, the relationship between alcohol consumption and mortality is depicted in a _____curve; with the lowest mortality occurring when ____drinks are consumed daily
J-shaped; 1-2 p. 149
What conditions were the use of daily alcohol observed to reduce risk in ?
coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular effects
Researchers believe that consuming alcohol increases levels of__________, which is responsible for a decreased risk of heart attack
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
What does the disease model of problem drinking state?
Alcoholism is a disease resulting from the physical properties of alcohol
What are the two types of alcoholism as proposed by the model of problem drinking?
Gamma alcoholism; delta alcoholism
What is the difference between gamma and delta alcoholism ?
gamma alcoholism: loss of control once drinking begins.
delta alcoholism: the inability to abstain from alcohol
What does the alcohol dependency syndrome model state?
variety of reasons people do not exercise control over their drinking, and this leads to problem drinking
What are the elements outlined by the textbook as essential in the development of alcohol dependence syndrome?
salience of drink-seeking behaviour (drinking takes priority)and an increased tolerance
What has the alcohol dependency syndrome model been criticized for?
Over emphasis on physical properties of alchol and lack emphasis on cognitive and social learning aspects of drinking
What do cognitive-physiological models of alcohol consumption propose?
People drink alcohol to reduce tension and negative self-evaluations
What is a factor that makes the tension reduction hypothesis appear less valid?
Expectancy; when one believes that something will reduce tension it is likely that it will. (p. 151)
Some believed that the tension reduction hypothesis did not incorporate alcohol’s effect on physiological responses enough, therefore, they formulated the _____
stress response dampening effect
What does the stress response dampening effect state?
Those who have been drinking do not respond as strongly to psychological or physiological stressors
Those who the stress response dampening effect was found in were more likely to _____
Become problem drinkers
What does the self-awareness model state?
Drinking inhibits the use of normal, complex information-processing strategies, such as memory and information acquisition, making people less self-aware. I.E. people drink to avoid self-awareness
Wat are the cognitive-phyisological models or drinking behaviours?
Tension reduction hypothesis ; self-awareness model; alcohol myopia
What is alcohol myopia?
Cognitive-physiological theory stating that Drinkers lessened ability to process information outside a narrow range (myopia), this helps lower inhibition to impulsive responses
What are the characteristics of alcohol myopia?
Excessive behaviours, inflation of self-evaluation, drunken relief (worry less and pay less attn.. to worries)
What are the two reasons the social learning model proposes for drinking?
Positive reinforcement & modeling (observing others drinking)
Alcohol-related contextual cues were able to _________the threshold for engaging in behaviours that would otherwise be inhibited
Reduce
What are some of the attempts to prevent alcohol abuse?
Public policy (age restrictions) , health promotion / education
Most people stop drinking without treatment, those in the field of problem drinking call this _____
Unassisted change
What is a drug treatment for alcohol abuse?
disulfiram, commonly known as Antabuse
What are the 3 types of alcohol relapse proposed?
negative affect, social pressure, and cue/craving
When it comes to alcohol relapse Women are most likely to have_________, whereas men are most likely to relapse due to _____
negative affect relapses; social pressure (p.152)
What model previously discussed in the course has been applied to both treatment and prevention?
Stages of change model (p.152)
Those not considering alcohol use or anyone who is thinking about initating use, need ______. If, however, an individual is currently using or continuing to use alcohol, a _________ is appropriate.
Primary prevention; harm reduction strategy (p. 153)
Who is most likely to drink and drive?
Heavy drinkers
driving while intoxicated generally declines with _____
age
Young drivers are more likely to drive after ______
Smoking the weeds
What is a risk when doing illict drugs ?
Can never be sure what you are purchasing
What gender is more likely to use illict drugs?
Males
What population is more likely to use illict drugs?
Low-income, single and younger, less educated
What is the most frequently used drug aside from weed?
Cocaine / crack
Canadian youth are _____ to use cannabis as they are tobacco
a) more
b) as likely
c) less
d) not
b; p. 155 `
negative respiratory effects may occur __________ when smoking weed than cigarettes
sooner ; p. 155
What class of drug is MDMA?
Hallucinogen ; p 155
What neurotransmitter is released when MDMA is taken?
Serotonin
What is freebasing?
Injection of cocaine
The most promising drug treatment approaches include _____ & _______ methods
Behavioural and cognitive
The first ____ months after drug treatment are when the most relapses occur
6
What does the information-motivation-behavioural skills model state?
There are steps that people go through before using safe-sex practices 1) recognize and accept that they are sexually active 2) create a “sexual and reproductive health agenda.” be motivated to engage in safe-sex practices to prevent pregnancy and infection 3) be capable of engaging in behaviours that fulfill this agenda (discussion concraceptive use with partners and if partner is not cooperative they must be ready to exit the situation
______ been recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the top 10 global health problems
obesity
It is predicted that obesity could have as great an impact on health as ______
Smoking
Where are the highest levels of obesity in Canada?
Maritimes and NWT
Obesity is :
Excess body fat impairing health
A BMI of ___ is considered obesity
> 30.0
Body-mass index (BMI)
Weight in KG divided by height in meters squared
What are the physical health risks associated with obesity?
Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease etc
research points to a _______ link between being overweight and depression.
a) unidirectional
b) bidirectional
c) multidirectional
b; p. 161
What theory accounts for why we are able to maintain a constant weight?
Body works like a thermostat, when one gains weight, biological control mechanisms decrease caloric intake, and when one loses weight the same mechanisms increase hunger levels until weight reaches ideal or target level
What hormone is believed to be responsible for the homeostatic weight control system?
Leptin
_______ is the most common surgical technique used in obesity mamangement
gastric banding
What are surgical interventions available for obesity?
Gastric bypass, gastric banding
When are surgical interventions employed for obesity
BMI >40
What elements are typically involved in behavioural treatments of obesity?
- stimulus control procedures (only eat at a certain time
- self-monitoring works to provide awareness
- self-control. Control or slow the amount of food eaten
- social support
- behaviour / contingency contracts
How effective are drugs for obesity ?
Not very, they are often associated with many side effects
What is the best approach to losing weight?
Do so gradually and make permanent lifestyle changes
According to restraint theory who will consume more?
Restrained eaters because they are thinking more about food
What is restraint theory?
When preouccuption with bodyweight norms consumption of food will swing b/t over eating and restrained eating . over eating is more likely in those who restrain
What two levels of education are needed in the prevention of obesity?
1- educate the public 2- childhood obesity
What are 3 psychological for the effects of other on food intake?
Social facilitation approach – ppl eat more when they are in groups
Modeling / matching effect – ppl eat as much or as little as those in their presence
Impression management approach – when ppl think they are being watched they will suppress eating
What is the interality-externality hypothesis ?
in people of normal weight, feelings of hunger and satiety come from within in the form of internal stimuli (e.g., hunger pangs or feelings of fullness). In contrast, obese people are more likely to respond to external stimuli (e.g., time of day, smell, or sight of food) in determining their level of hunger
Regarding family affluence: _____ women are likely to be obsese, _______ are likely to be obsess
Affluent; low-to middle
How does stress influence eating?
½ population eats more other half eats less, stress can cause dieters to lose control, people increase consumption of fats, and increase snacking
________ reinforce behaviours that promote obesity
social norms
