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Psychology 310 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

reinforcers deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting (artificial reinforcers)

A

contrived reinforcers

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2
Q

behavior that occurs before the aversive stimuls is presented; delivery is thereby prevented

A

avoidance behavior

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3
Q

a stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced (a stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement)

A

discriminative stimulus (S^D)

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4
Q

a stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement

A

discriminative stimulus for extinction (S^Δ)

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5
Q

a stimulus that signals that a response will be punished

A

discriminative stimulus for punishment (S^Dp)

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6
Q

a behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus

A

escape behavior

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7
Q

reinforcement provided by a consequence external to the behavior

A

extrinsic reinforcement

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8
Q

a type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers

A

generalized reinforcer

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9
Q

reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing

A

intrinsic reinforcement

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10
Q

as stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or “stamped in,” while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying state of affairs are weakened or “stamped out”

A

law of effect

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11
Q

reinforcers naturally provided for a certain behavior; they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting

A

natural reinforcers

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12
Q

removal of a stimulus (usually a rewarding one) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in future strength of that response

A

negative punishment

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13
Q

removal of a stimulus (usually an unpleasant one) following a response, which then leads to a increase in the future strength of that response

A

negative reinforcement

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14
Q

class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences, which affect the future probability/strength of those responses

A

operant behavior

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15
Q

class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences, which affect the future probability/strength of those responses

A

operant conditioning

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16
Q

presentation of a stimulus (usually a rewarding one) following a response, which then leads to an decrease in the future strength of that response

A

positive punishment

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17
Q

an event that is innately reinforcing

A

primary reinforcer

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18
Q

an event that 1) follows a behavior and 2) decreases the future probability of that behavior

A

punisher

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19
Q

an event that 1) follows a behavior and 2) increases the future probability of that behavior

A

reinforcer

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20
Q

an event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcer

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21
Q

the gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximation to that behavior

A

shaping

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22
Q

relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher

A

three-term contingency

23
Q

A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that signals that a ______ is available. It is said to “______” for the behavior.

A

reinforcer; set the occasion

24
Q

Major advantages of using the sound of a click for shaping are that the click can be delivered ______ and the animal is unlikely to ______ upon it.

A

immediately; satiate

25
Q

An event is a reinforcer if it ______ a behavior and the future probability of that behavior ______.

A

follows; increases

26
Q

Referring to this chapter’s opening vignette, among the four types of contingencies described in this chapter, Sally’s actions toward Joe probably best illustrate the process of ______. In other words, Joe’s abusive behavior will likely (increase/decrease) ______ in the future as a result of Sally’s actions.

A

positive reinforcement; increase

27
Q

Classically conditioned behaviors are said to be e______ by st______; operant behaviors are said to be e______ by the or______.

A

elicited; stimuli; emitted; organism

28
Q

Steven has fond memories of his mother reading fairy tales to him when he was a child, and as a result he now enjoys reading fairy tales as an adult. For Steven, the act of reading fairy tales is functioning as what type of reinforcer? (A) primary, (B) secondary, (C) intrinsic, (D) extrinsic, (E) both B and C. ______

A

E

29
Q

A reinforcer is usually given the symbol ______, while a discriminative stimulus is given the symbol ______.

A

S^R; S^D

30
Q

Events that are innately reinforcing are called ______ reinforcers, events that become reinforcers through experience are called ______ reinforcers.

A

primary; secondary

31
Q

A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished is called a ______ for punishment. It is sometimes given the symbol ______.

A

discriminative stimulus; S^Dp

32
Q

Operant behaviors are usually defined as a ______ of responses, all of which are capable of producing a certain ______.

A

class; consequence

33
Q

Achieving a record number of strikeouts in a game would be a(n) (natural/contrived) ______ reinforcer for pitching well; receiving a bonus for throwing that many strikeouts would be a(n) ______ reinforcer.

A

natural; contrived

34
Q

When Beth tried to pull the tail of her dog, he growls. Beth quickly pulled her hand back. The dog growled even more threateningly the second time. Eventually Beth gave up. The dog’s behavior served to (positively/negatively) ______ (punish/reinforce) ______. Beth’s behavior behavior served to ______ the dog’s behavior.

A

positively; punish; negatively reinforce

35
Q

A generalized secondary reinforcer is one that has become a reinforcer because it has been associated with: (A) a primary reinforcer, (B) secondary reinforcer, (C) several secondary reinforcers (D) several primary reinforcers, or (E) several reinforcers. ______

A

E

36
Q

According to Thorndike’s ______, behaviors that lead to a ______ state of affairs are strengthened, whereas behaviors that lead to an ______ state of affairs are weakened.

A

law of effect; satisfying; unsatisfying

37
Q

Harpeet very much enjoys hard work and often volunteers for projects that are quite demanding. According to ______ theory, it is likely the case that, for Harpreet, the act of expending a lot of effort has often been ______.

A

learned industriousness; positively reinforced

38
Q

The terms reinforcer or punisher refer to the specific ______ that follows a behavior, where as the term reinforcement or punishment refer to the ______ or ______ whereby the probability of a behavior is altered by its consequences.

A

consequence; process; procedure

39
Q

When combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, the word negative indicates that the consequence consists of something being ______, whereas the word positive indicates that’s the consequence consists of something being ______.

A

removed; presented

40
Q

Each time a student studies at home, she is praised by her parents. As a result, she no longer studies at home. This is an example of what type of contingency? ______

A

positive punishment

41
Q

Operant behaviors are sometimes simply called ______. These can be contrasted with elicited behaviors, which Skinner called ______ behaviors or simply ______.

A

operants; respondent; respondents

42
Q

The gradual development of new operant behavior through reinforcement of ______ to that behavior is called ______.

A

successive (or gradual) approximations; shaping

43
Q

The three-term contingency can be thought of as an ABC sequence in which A stands for ______, B stands for ______, and C stands for ______.

A

antecedent; behavior; consequence

44
Q

Compared to most elicited behaviors, operant behaviors seem (more/less) ______ automatic and reflexive.

A

less

45
Q

At the zoo one day, you notice that a zookeeper is leading a rhinoceros into a pen by repeatedly whistling at it as the animal moves. It is probably the case that the whistle has been paired with ______ and is now functioning as a ______.

A

food; secondary reinforcer

46
Q

If the rat does not press the lever, then it does not receive a shock. As a result, the rat is more likely not to press the lever. This is an example of (A) negative reinforcement, (B) negative punishment, (C) positive reinforcement, (D) positive punishment. ______

A

D

47
Q

Money and praise are common examples of ______ reinforcers.

A

generalized

48
Q

An event is a punisher if it ______ a behavior and the future probability of that behavior ______.

A

follows; decreases

49
Q

Reinforcers and punishers are defined entirely by their ______ on behavior.

A

effect

50
Q

Behaviors that are performed for their own sake are said to be ______ motivated; behaviors that are performed to achieve some additional incentive are said to be ______ motivated.

A

intrinsically; extrinsically

51
Q

An easy way to remember the three-term contingency is that you ______ something, ______ something, and ______ something.

A

notice; do; get

52
Q

Elicited behaviors are controlled by the events that (precede/follow) ________ their occurrence, while operant behaviors are controlled by the events that (precede/follow) ________ their occurrence.

A

precede; follow

53
Q

A positive reinforcer is a stimulus, (A) increases the strength a response, (B) follows a response and increases the strength of that response, (C) decreases the strength of a response, (D) follows in response and decreases the strength of that response. ________

A

B

Psychology 310 (1 decks)

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