Chapter 6 Flashcards
The process through messenger RNA copies genetic information from DNA in the nucleus
transcription
The process that occurs when the genetic information carried by messenger RNA is translated into a chain of amino acids at the ribosomes
translation
the process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another in order to manufacture a new amino acid
transamination
the process by which the amine group is removed from an amino acid. The nitrogen is then transported to the kidneys for excretion in the urine, while the carbon and other components are metabolized for energy or used to make other compounds
deamination
The process by which proteins uncoil and lose their shape and function when they are exposed to heat, acids, bases, heavy metals, alcohol, and other damaging substances
denaturation
mutual supplementation
the process of combining two or more incomplete protein sources to make a complete protein
the essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply in the amino acid pool and is thus responsible for slowing or halting protein synthesis
limiting amino acid
edema
extreme distention of the belly caused by fluid/ electrolyte imbalances
nitrogen-containing molecules that combine to form proteins (central carbon atom connected to 4 other groups : an amine, acid, hydrogen, side chain
amino acid
side chain
the portion of the amino acid that makes each unique
How are proteins made?
- combination of amino acids
- mRNA carries a copy of DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein
- tRNA transfers specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain
- DNA instructions on how to build proteins are stored in this molecules nucleotide sequence
- Ribosomes read the nucleotide sequence and help build the corresponding sequence of amino acids
complete proteins
animal products
incomplete proteins
mostly plant products
Protein in immunity
antibodies are special proteins that defend the body from foreign substances (battery, viruses, toxins, and allergens)
protein in acid-base balance
proteins are excellent buffers due to their negative charge which return acidic and alkaline fluids close to neutral
protein in hormones
most hormones are composed of amino acids, insulin and glucagon regulate the level of glucose in the blood. other amino-acid containing hormones help regulate growth, metabolism, and many other processes
protein in cell growth
constant turnover of proteins from our diet is essential for cell growth, repair, and maintenance
protein in fluid balance
proteins attract fluids
proteins in bloodsream in the cells and in the spaces surrounding keep fluids moving
keeps fluids in proper quantities
lack of protein causes edema
protein in energy
proteins ar taken from the blood and body tissues (contributes very little to energy needs)
proteins in food are crushed by chewing and moistened by saliva
protein digestion in mouth
protein digestion in stomach
- proteins are denatured by HCl
- pepsin is activated to break proteins into single amino acids and smaller polypeptides
protein digestion in small intestine
proteases are secreted to digest polypeptides into smaller units
cells in the wall of the small intestine complete the breakdown of dipeptides and tripeptieds into single amino acids, which are absorbed into the blood stream
protein digestion in liver
amino acids are transported to the liver, where they are converted to glucose or fat, used for energy or to build new proteins, or sent to the cells as needed
protein digestion in pancreas
produces proteases, which are released into the small intestine
types of vegetarians
flexitarian, pescovegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, ovovegetarian, vegan, macrobiotic, fruitarian
consumes vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes; sometimes seafood, poetry, eggs, and dairy
flexitarian
similar to flexitarian but fish is the only animal source of protein
pescovegtarian
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, dairy products and eggs
lacto-vegetarian
similar to lacto-ovo excluding eggs
vegan
only plant based foods
macrobiotic
vegan-type diet; becomes progressively more strict until almost all foods are extreme, only brown rice and small amounts of water or herbal tea
fruitarian
only raw or dried fruit, seeds, nuts, honey and vegetable oil
benefits of being vegetarian
lower fat intake, lower blood pressure, reduced risk for heart disease, reduced risk for cancer fewer digestive problems
What nutrients are vegetarians most likely to be missing?
iron, calcium zinc, vitamins D and B12
RDA for protein
10-35% (.8 grams pf protein per kg of body weight per day)
What foods contain proteins
animal products, dairy products, legumes, nuts, eggs, whole grains
