Chapter 6

Question 1

The process through messenger RNA copies genetic information from DNA in the nucleus

Answer 1

transcription

Question 2

The process that occurs when the genetic information carried by messenger RNA is translated into a chain of amino acids at the ribosomes

Answer 2

translation

Question 3

the process of transferring the amine group from one amino acid to another in order to manufacture a new amino acid

Answer 3

transamination

Question 4

the process by which the amine group is removed from an amino acid. The nitrogen is then transported to the kidneys for excretion in the urine, while the carbon and other components are metabolized for energy or used to make other compounds

Answer 4

deamination

Question 5

The process by which proteins uncoil and lose their shape and function when they are exposed to heat, acids, bases, heavy metals, alcohol, and other damaging substances

Answer 5

denaturation

Question 6

mutual supplementation

Answer 6

the process of combining two or more incomplete protein sources to make a complete protein

Question 7

the essential amino acid that is missing or in the smallest supply in the amino acid pool and is thus responsible for slowing or halting protein synthesis

Answer 7

limiting amino acid

Question 8

edema

Answer 8

extreme distention of the belly caused by fluid/ electrolyte imbalances

Question 9

nitrogen-containing molecules that combine to form proteins (central carbon atom connected to 4 other groups : an amine, acid, hydrogen, side chain

Answer 9

amino acid

Question 10

side chain

Answer 10

the portion of the amino acid that makes each unique

Question 11

How are proteins made?

Answer 11

• combination of amino acids
• mRNA carries a copy of DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein
• tRNA transfers specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain
• DNA instructions on how to build proteins are stored in this molecules nucleotide sequence
• Ribosomes read the nucleotide sequence and help build the corresponding sequence of amino acids

Question 12

complete proteins

Answer 12

animal products

Question 13

incomplete proteins

Answer 13

mostly plant products

Question 14

Protein in immunity

Answer 14

antibodies are special proteins that defend the body from foreign substances (battery, viruses, toxins, and allergens)

Question 15

protein in acid-base balance

Answer 15

proteins are excellent buffers due to their negative charge which return acidic and alkaline fluids close to neutral

Question 16

protein in hormones

Answer 16

most hormones are composed of amino acids, insulin and glucagon regulate the level of glucose in the blood. other amino-acid containing hormones help regulate growth, metabolism, and many other processes

Question 17

protein in cell growth

Answer 17

constant turnover of proteins from our diet is essential for cell growth, repair, and maintenance

Question 18

protein in fluid balance

Answer 18

proteins attract fluids
proteins in bloodsream in the cells and in the spaces surrounding keep fluids moving
keeps fluids in proper quantities
lack of protein causes edema

Question 19

protein in energy

Answer 19

proteins ar taken from the blood and body tissues (contributes very little to energy needs)

Question 20

proteins in food are crushed by chewing and moistened by saliva

Answer 20

protein digestion in mouth

Question 21

protein digestion in stomach

Answer 21

• proteins are denatured by HCl

- pepsin is activated to break proteins into single amino acids and smaller polypeptides

Question 22

protein digestion in small intestine

Answer 22

proteases are secreted to digest polypeptides into smaller units
cells in the wall of the small intestine complete the breakdown of dipeptides and tripeptieds into single amino acids, which are absorbed into the blood stream

Question 23

protein digestion in liver

Answer 23

amino acids are transported to the liver, where they are converted to glucose or fat, used for energy or to build new proteins, or sent to the cells as needed

Question 24

protein digestion in pancreas

Answer 24

produces proteases, which are released into the small intestine

Question 25

types of vegetarians

Answer 25

flexitarian, pescovegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, ovovegetarian, vegan, macrobiotic, fruitarian

Question 26

consumes vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes; sometimes seafood, poetry, eggs, and dairy

Answer 26

flexitarian

Question 27

similar to flexitarian but fish is the only animal source of protein

Answer 27

pescovegtarian

Question 28

lacto-ovo-vegetarian

Answer 28

vegetables, grains, nuts, fruits, legumes, dairy products and eggs

Question 29

lacto-vegetarian

Answer 29

similar to lacto-ovo excluding eggs

Question 30

vegan

Answer 30

only plant based foods

Question 31

macrobiotic

Answer 31

vegan-type diet; becomes progressively more strict until almost all foods are extreme, only brown rice and small amounts of water or herbal tea

Question 32

fruitarian

Answer 32

only raw or dried fruit, seeds, nuts, honey and vegetable oil

Question 33

benefits of being vegetarian

Answer 33

lower fat intake, lower blood pressure, reduced risk for heart disease, reduced risk for cancer fewer digestive problems

Question 34

What nutrients are vegetarians most likely to be missing?

Answer 34

iron, calcium zinc, vitamins D and B12

Question 35

RDA for protein

Answer 35

10-35% (.8 grams pf protein per kg of body weight per day)

Question 36

What foods contain proteins

Answer 36

animal products, dairy products, legumes, nuts, eggs, whole grains