Chapter 6 Flashcards by Michael Smith

The adaptive state that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal syndrome.

Physiological dependence

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A persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance, despite on going negative consequences.

Addiction

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Alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking

Substance addictions

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Gambling, shopping, eating, and sex

Process addictions

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Compulsion, loss of control, negative consequences, denial

Symptoms of addiction

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Biochemical messengers that exert their influence at specific receptor sites on nerve cells

Neurotransmitters

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Progressively larger doses or more intense involvement are needed to obtain the desired effect

Tolerance

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A drug or activity replaces an effect the body should provide on its own

Withdrawl

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Proposes that addiction is caused not by a single influence, but by multiple biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors operating in complex interaction

Biopsychosocial model of addiction

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People with low self-esteem, tendencies for risk taking behavior, or poor coping skills are more likely to develop addictive behavior

Psychological factors of biosychosocial model of addiction

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Brain processes controlling memory, motivation, and emotional state are subjects of genetic research into risk for addiction, particularly to mood-altering substances. Approximately 50-60% of risk for alcoholism is genetically determined

Biological or disease influences biosychosocial model of addiction

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Cultural expectations and more help determine whether people engage in certain behaviors. Social attitudes and messages also influence addictive behaviors

Environmental influences of biosychosocial model of addiction

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Proposes that people learn behaviors by watching role models (parents, caregivers, and significant others)

Social learning theory

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Those who find it hard to set healthy boundaries and often live in the chaotic, crisis-oriented mode occurring around addicts

Codependents

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Knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the consequences of their behavior

Enablers

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Behaviors known to be addictive because they are mood altering

Process adictions

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Characteristic behaviors include preoccupations with gambling, unsuccessful efforts to quit, and lying to conceal the extent of ones involvement.
Effects mor than two million Americans
Men,now income, divorces, African Americans, native Americans, elderly, and those living within 50 miles of a casino are most likely to have gambling problems

Disordered gambling

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Preoccupied with shopping and spending and exercise little control over impulses to buy

Compulsive shoppers/ compulsive buying disorder

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Compulsive use of the computer, PDAS, cell phone, or other forms of technology to access the Internet for activities such as e-mail, games, shopping, or blogging

Internet addiction

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Compulsive use of work and the work persona to fulfill needs of intimacy, power, and success

Work addiction

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Use of exercise compulsively to try to meet needs, for nurturance, intimacy, self-esteem, and self-competency- that an object or activity cannot truly meet

Exercise addiction

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People confuse physical arousal with intimacy, they feel nurtured not by the person with whom they have sex, but by the activity itself

Sexual addictions

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Characterized by having more than one addiction

Multiple addictions

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Drugs that change the way the brain works

Psychoactive drugs

Only available via a licensed healthcare practitioner

Prescription drugs

Can be purchased without a prescription

Over-the-counter drugs

Generally contain chemicals used to help people relax or socialize (Caffeine, alcohol, tobacco)

Recreational drugs

Includes herbal teas and botanical products believed to have medical properties

Herbal preparations

Most notorious type of drug

Illicit drugs

Are the most universally used, yet least commonly recognized, Chemical substances. (Inhalants, cleaners, gases)

Commercial preparations

Swallowing a tablet, capsule, or liquid, or liquid Drug is absorbed into the bloodstream in the stomach and small intestine, then passes through the liver before being circulated throughout the body

Oral ingestion

Drug is absorbed through mucous membranes into the bloodstream

Snorting

The introduction of drugs through breathing into the lungs

Inhalation

Intravenously injected drug enters bloodstream directly at veins; intramuscularly and subcutaneously injected drugs enter the bloodstream through capillaries in the muscles and skin

Injection

Drug that is absorbed through the skin

Transdermal

Mixtures of drugs and a waxy medium that are inserted into the anus or vagina

Suppositories

Where chemicals, enzymes, and other substances interact

Receptor sites

Taking several drugs simultaneously

Polydrug use

Also called potentiation, is an interaction of two or more drugs in which the effects of the individual drugs are multi-plied beyond what would normally be expected if they were taken alone

Synergism

A drug interaction in which two drugs compete for the same available receptors, potentially blocking each other's actions

Antagonism

The effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site

Inhibition

Occurs when drugs combine in the body to produce extremely uncomfortable reactions

Intolerance

Occurs when a person develops a physiological tolerance to one drug and shows similar tolerance to certain other drugs as a result

Cross-tolerance

Involves using a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended

Drug misuse

Is excessive use of any drug

Drug abuse

A drug that increases activity of the central nervous system

Stimulants

Psychoactive substance in marijuana

THC

Drugs that slow down neuromuscular activity and cause sleepiness or calmness

Depressants

Drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain

Opioids

The parent drug of the opioids

Opium

A class of central nervous system depressant drugs with sedative, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant effects

Benzodiazepines

Opioid like hormones that are manufactured in the human body and contribute to natural feelings of well-being

Endorphins

Drugs that depress the central nervous system and have sedating, hypnotic, and anesthetic effects

Barbiturates

A central nervous system depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic effects

Gamma hydroxybutyrate

Substances capable of creating auditory or visual hallucinations and unusual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings

Hallucinogens

Planned process of confrontation by people who are important to the addiction, including spouses, parents, children, bosses, and friends

Intervention

Refers to the early period during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively to being free from the addictions influence

Detoxification

An isolated occurrence of or full return to addictive behavior, is a defining characteristic of addiction

Relapse