Chapter 6 Flashcards
The adaptive state that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal syndrome.
Physiological dependence
A persistent, compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance, despite on going negative consequences.
Addiction
Alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking
Substance addictions
Gambling, shopping, eating, and sex
Process addictions
Compulsion, loss of control, negative consequences, denial
Symptoms of addiction
Biochemical messengers that exert their influence at specific receptor sites on nerve cells
Neurotransmitters
Progressively larger doses or more intense involvement are needed to obtain the desired effect
Tolerance
A drug or activity replaces an effect the body should provide on its own
Withdrawl
Proposes that addiction is caused not by a single influence, but by multiple biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors operating in complex interaction
Biopsychosocial model of addiction
People with low self-esteem, tendencies for risk taking behavior, or poor coping skills are more likely to develop addictive behavior
Psychological factors of biosychosocial model of addiction
Brain processes controlling memory, motivation, and emotional state are subjects of genetic research into risk for addiction, particularly to mood-altering substances. Approximately 50-60% of risk for alcoholism is genetically determined
Biological or disease influences biosychosocial model of addiction
Cultural expectations and more help determine whether people engage in certain behaviors. Social attitudes and messages also influence addictive behaviors
Environmental influences of biosychosocial model of addiction
Proposes that people learn behaviors by watching role models (parents, caregivers, and significant others)
Social learning theory
Those who find it hard to set healthy boundaries and often live in the chaotic, crisis-oriented mode occurring around addicts
Codependents
Knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the consequences of their behavior
Enablers
Behaviors known to be addictive because they are mood altering
Process adictions
Characteristic behaviors include preoccupations with gambling, unsuccessful efforts to quit, and lying to conceal the extent of ones involvement.
Effects mor than two million Americans
Men,now income, divorces, African Americans, native Americans, elderly, and those living within 50 miles of a casino are most likely to have gambling problems
Disordered gambling
Preoccupied with shopping and spending and exercise little control over impulses to buy
Compulsive shoppers/ compulsive buying disorder
Compulsive use of the computer, PDAS, cell phone, or other forms of technology to access the Internet for activities such as e-mail, games, shopping, or blogging
Internet addiction
Compulsive use of work and the work persona to fulfill needs of intimacy, power, and success
Work addiction
Use of exercise compulsively to try to meet needs, for nurturance, intimacy, self-esteem, and self-competency- that an object or activity cannot truly meet
Exercise addiction
People confuse physical arousal with intimacy, they feel nurtured not by the person with whom they have sex, but by the activity itself
Sexual addictions
Characterized by having more than one addiction
Multiple addictions
Drugs that change the way the brain works
Psychoactive drugs
Only available via a licensed healthcare practitioner
Prescription drugs
Can be purchased without a prescription
Over-the-counter drugs
Generally contain chemicals used to help people relax or socialize (Caffeine, alcohol, tobacco)
Recreational drugs
Includes herbal teas and botanical products believed to have medical properties
Herbal preparations
Most notorious type of drug
Illicit drugs
Are the most universally used, yet least commonly recognized, Chemical substances. (Inhalants, cleaners, gases)
Commercial preparations
Swallowing a tablet, capsule, or liquid, or liquid
Drug is absorbed into the bloodstream in the stomach and small intestine, then passes through the liver before being circulated throughout the body
Oral ingestion
Drug is absorbed through mucous membranes into the bloodstream
Snorting
The introduction of drugs through breathing into the lungs
Inhalation
Intravenously injected drug enters bloodstream directly at veins; intramuscularly and subcutaneously injected drugs enter the bloodstream through capillaries in the muscles and skin
Injection
Drug that is absorbed through the skin
Transdermal
Mixtures of drugs and a waxy medium that are inserted into the anus or vagina
Suppositories
Where chemicals, enzymes, and other substances interact
Receptor sites
Taking several drugs simultaneously
Polydrug use
Also called potentiation, is an interaction of two or more drugs in which the effects of the individual drugs are multi-plied beyond what would normally be expected if they were taken alone
Synergism
A drug interaction in which two drugs compete for the same available receptors, potentially blocking each other’s actions
Antagonism
The effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug at the receptor site
Inhibition
Occurs when drugs combine in the body to produce extremely uncomfortable reactions
Intolerance
Occurs when a person develops a physiological tolerance to one drug and shows similar tolerance to certain other drugs as a result
Cross-tolerance
Involves using a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended
Drug misuse
Is excessive use of any drug
Drug abuse
A drug that increases activity of the central nervous system
Stimulants
Psychoactive substance in marijuana
THC
Drugs that slow down neuromuscular activity and cause sleepiness or calmness
Depressants
Drugs that induce sleep and relieve pain
Opioids
The parent drug of the opioids
Opium
A class of central nervous system depressant drugs with sedative, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant effects
Benzodiazepines
Opioid like hormones that are manufactured in the human body and contribute to natural feelings of well-being
Endorphins
Drugs that depress the central nervous system and have sedating, hypnotic, and anesthetic effects
Barbiturates
A central nervous system depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic effects
Gamma hydroxybutyrate
Substances capable of creating auditory or visual hallucinations and unusual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings
Hallucinogens
Planned process of confrontation by people who are important to the addiction, including spouses, parents, children, bosses, and friends
Intervention
Refers to the early period during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively to being free from the addictions influence
Detoxification
An isolated occurrence of or full return to addictive behavior, is a defining characteristic of addiction
Relapse
