Chapter 6 & 35 Flashcards
If no specific standard has been developed the
general duty clause takes effect.
Who is responsible to maintain a workplace free from hazard?
The employer
What are the five elements make up the cycle of infection?
1- Reservoir Host
2- Means of exit
3- Means of transmission
4- Means of entrance
5- Susceptible host
The infection begins when the_______
the pathogen invades the reservoir host
What is reservoir host?
The reservoir host is animal, insect or human that are capable to sustain and growth pathogens.
How is call a reservoir host who is unaware of the presence of the pathogen and so spreads the diseases?
A human carrier
Is a abnormality or a malfunction in the routine body process has caused normally beneficial or harmless microorganism to become pathogenic.
Endogenous infection
What is a exogenous infection?
Is caused by the introduced of a pathogen from the outside the body
Common routes of exit include:
Ear, nose, mouth, eyes, feces or urine, semen, vaginal fluid, any discharge and blood
What is direct transmission?
Is when the pathogen moves immediately from one host to another
What is indirect transmission?
Is possible only if the pathogen is capable of existing independently of the reservoir host
Is pathogens can be transmitted to a new host trough air
Airborne Transmission
What are some examples of airborne transmission?
sources such as soil particles or secretion droplets from a sneeze or cough.
What means bloodborne transmission?
Is when pathogen can enter to a new host through contact with blood
Bloodborne Indirectly means:
when pathogens are transferred through blood transfusions, needlesticks injuries, or improperly sterilized
Bloodborne Directly means:
Contaminated blood person contact with other person by contact broken skin or mucous membrane
What some infections that may infect the baby during passage trough the birth canal?
Herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, or streptococcal infections.
What is a example of pathogen transmitted by ingestion is a strain and which can cause sever food poisoning?
E.coli
A living organism that carries microorganism from an infected person to another person is know as ________
as a Vector Borne transmission
What is a fomites?
What are some examples of fomites?
A fomite is any inanimate reservoir of pathogenic microorganism.
Drinking glasses, doorknob, shopping cart, pencils and any object,
What are the most common entrance of pathogens?
mucous membrane, mouth, nose, throat, vagina or rectum and also can enter through ears, eyes, intestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract.
The person into whom the pathogens has been transmitted must be and individual who has little or no immunity to infection by that organism.
Susceptible host
What are some factor related to the host:
Age
Genetic
Nutritional Status
Stress level
Other diseases
Hygiene habits
General health
What are some environmental factor in diseases transmission?
Climate, food, water, insect and people
The principle of asepsis must be applied in order.
to end the cycle of infection and its spread.
What is most common transmission pathogens?
Touching
What are the two common method of handwashing and the difference?
Handwashing with plain or antimicrobial
the differences are one use water and soap and the other is alcohol based.
Used sharps must never be ____________ and must be placed in a __________.
never be bent, broken, recapped, or otherwise tampered with and should be placed biohazardous waste container for sharps
Following universal precautions means assuming that all ___________________
that all blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) are infected with bloodborne pathogens.
Is a combination of universal precautions and rules to reduce the risk of disease transmission
Standard precautions and is used for the care of the patients
When an exposure incident occurs you must notify who? Why is important?
The physician or employer must be notified immediately to prevent development of many diseases, prevent worker from exposing other people, prevent the same type of accident from happening again.
The vaccine HBV is recommended for all healthcare workers unless:
They have received in the past
A blood test show immune
Medical reasons for which the vaccine is not going to work
Controlling injuries by altering the way a task is performed
work practice control
devices specially designed to isolate or remove the hazards and work practice controls
engineered safety devices
These guidelines are meant as a (CDC) supplement to standard precautions when caring for patient with suspected or confirmed infection
Transmission based precautions
Improvement in adherence to infectio control procedures and subsequent reduction in
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI)
A bladder infection caused by Escherichia coli would be considered what type of infcetion?
Endogenous
OSHA requires that all workers have initial training in PPE selection and -__
Job-specific infection prevention
A healthcare-associated infection is one acquired by a patient in a healthcare setting sometimes called a nosocomial infection.
Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI)
Is an infection caused by a specific type of staph bacteria, becomes resistant to most antibiotics used to treat, is difficult to treat and is the most common type of skin infection
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Any procedure that requires entry into a body cavity or cutting into skin or mucous membrane is a-______
Invasive procedure
Any one who has an invasive procedure is at ______
risk for MRSA infection.
Type of bacterium that causes diarrhea, can affect anyone who is taking antibiotics for prolonged periods of time and is transmitted fecal/oral route
Clostridioides difficile also know as C. diff
Are caused by the entry of infections microorganism into the bloodstream by way of a central line
Central line associated bloodstream infections
Any one who uses catheters on a long term basis is at risk for
urinary tract infections
The CDC recommended that catheters should be used for ________
at least possible amount of time and only when necessary.
Medical asepsis or clean technique is
maintaining cleanliness to prevent spread microorganism
Surgical asepsis or sterile technique is
is completely sterile the environment that eliminates the microorganism
A member of the medical staff who is infected of HIV or HBV should hear an advice from
from an expert review panel
What happen if you place facedown the lid?
can get contaminates the inside of the lid
What is the proper way to open a conatainer?
facing up instead facedown
What is the proper way to administrate tablets or capsules to a patient?
You should pour them into the bottle cap or a cup
Gloves worn once and discard
disposable
gloves worn during procedures that do not require sterile environment
Examination
Used for procedures such as minor surgery or urinary catheterization
Sterile gloves
Used when cleaning up
Utility gloves
How many people per year suffer needle stick injuries and how many percent people get contaminated with HIV?
Approximately 800,000 needle sticks injuries and 2% of people get HIV
Have a sheath over the barrel of the syringe
Self-sheathing needle
Have a needle that retracts inside the barrel of the syringe after it is activated
retractable needles
Have a blunt tip that slides forward through the needle past the sharp point
Self-blunting or blunt tip, blood drawing needles
Are singles use, disposable device
Re-sheathing scalpels
Injection phlebotomy and winged steel needles are available with
Add-on safety features
Where are the common locations for the posters?
front door, exam rooms, bathrooms and reception area
What means a surgical site infection?
An infection that occurs after a surgical procedure at the site of surgery is infected.
What are the two type of sterilize instruments?
Autoclaving
Chemical (cold) processes
The primary method for sterilizing instrument and equipment is the use of pressurized steam in a _________
autoclave 212 F or 100 C
Modern autoclave are designed to operate as
automatically
include special packages, tags, inserts, tapes, tubes, and strips that confirm the items in the autoclave have been exposed to correct volume of steam at the correct temp and time
Sterilization indicators
containing bacterial spores are used as a quality control method to confirm that sterilization occur.
Biological indicators
Chemical or cold sterilization involves
the use of liquids to eliminate microorganism and used on instruments and equipment that are sensitive to heat and steam
Which of the following best describes a CAUTI?
An infection caused by microorganism entering the bladder by way of catheter
All of the following are reportable diseases except
Hantavirus
Terminology for surgical site infection caused by microorganism found on the skin
Remote
A procedure that requires entry into a body cavity or cutting into skin or mucous membrane is known as
Invasive
The sterile shelf life of a paper-wrapped surgical pack is
1 month
