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Biology Chapter 6 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  1. All organisms are made of cells
  2. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
  3. All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

Two Basic Types of Electron Microscopes? (EMs)

A

Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron microscope

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3
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

o TEMs are used mainly to study the internal structure of cells

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5
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

takes cells apart and
separates the major organelles from one another.
enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cells are found only in Kingdoms…

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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7
Q

Protists are found in Kingdom…

A

Eukarya

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8
Q

Cytosol

A

semifluid substance filling cell

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry genes in the form of DNA

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

site where proteins are made

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

interior of cell, cytosol + organelles

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12
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

DNA in a region (not nucleus) called the nucleoid

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14
Q

Cell Wall

A

Protects and provides shape for the cell

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15
Q

Flagella

A

o present in some prokaryotic cells
o used for locomotion
o rotary motion propels the cell

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16
Q

Pili and Fimbriae

A

o present in some prokaryotic cells
o hair-like extensions
o used for attachment to host (fimbriae) or other
bacterial cells during conjugation (pili)

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17
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

protein fibers that line the inside of the nuclear envelope to maintain shape

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18
Q

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called …

A

chromatin

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19
Q

Where is the site of Ribosomal synthesis?

A

nucleolus

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20
Q

What type of cell has multiple nuclei?

A

animal muscle cells and fungi

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21
Q

What type of cell has no nucleus?

A

mature red blood cells of animals.

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22
Q

What organelle carries out protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

o In the cytosol (free ribosomes)

o On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

24
Q

Endomembrane System

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

25
Q

Endomembrane System is composed of what organelles?

A 
o Nuclear envelope 
o Endoplasmic reticulum 
o Golgi apparatus 
o Lysosomes 
o Vacuoles 
o Plasma membrane
26
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many

eukaryotic cells

27
Q

Which form of the ER lacks ribosomes?

A

Smooth ER

28
Q

Functions of Smooth ER?

A

o Synthesizes lipids
o Metabolizes carbohydrates
o Detoxifies drugs and poisons
o Stores calcium ions

29
Q

Functions of Rough ER?

A

o Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
o Is a membrane factory for the cell
o Distributes transport vesicles = secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

30
Q

Functions of Golgi Apparatus?

A

o Modifies products of the ER
o Manufactures certain macromolecules
o Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

31
Q

Lysosome?

A

is a vesicle (= membranous sac) of hydrolytic enzymes (= breaks bonds with water)
that can digest macromolecules

32
Q

What do lysosomal enzymes do?

A

hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

lysosomes fuses with a food vacuole and digests the molecules

34
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules

35
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

caused by 1 incorrect lysosome enzyme which breaks down glycolipid in nerve cells —> seizures

36
Q

Vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER

and Golgi apparatus

37
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of cells

38
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis

39
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

hold organic compounds and water

40
Q

Mitochondria

A

are the sites of cellular respiration,

a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll

42
Q

Stroma

A

semi-fluid matrix that fills the chloroplasts

43
Q

Thylakoids

A

membraneous sacs within the inner membrane of a chloroplast

44
Q

Granum

A

stacks of thylakoids (in chloroplasts)

45
Q

Plastids

A

organelles in photosynthetic eukaryotes which manufacture or store pigments or food, contain their own DNA

46
Q

peroxisomes

A

oxidative organelles that produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water, and perform reactions with many different functions

46
Q

What is the Endosymbiont theory?

A

The theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through symbiotic relationships. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way

47
Q

What are some of the characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

They are enveloped by two membranes, they possess their own circles of DNA, they possess free ribosomes, they are about the size of a prokaryotic cell, they divide by a process similar to bacteria, and they grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

48
Q

What’s are plastids?

A

Organelles in photosynthetic eukaryotes that manufacture or store pigments or food and contain their own DNA.

EX. chloroplasts for photosynthesis, Chromoplasts for pigment synthesis, and Leukoplasts for storage

49
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports cell shape, keeps organelles in location, helps move materials in the cell, allows cell movement, regulates biochemical activities

50
Q

What three main types of protein is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

51
Q

Microtubules

A

Functions:

Cell shape, cell motility with flagella, separating chromosomes during cell division, guiding movement of organelles

52
Q

Microfilaments

A

Functions:
Maintenance and changes of cell shape, muscle contractions, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division and animal cells

53
Q

Functions of the cell wall

A

Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

54
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Found in animal cells, similar to a cell wall. Made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.

55
Q

What are functions of the ECM

A

Regulation, signaling, support, adhesion

Biology Chapter 6 (1 decks)

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