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Biology Chapter 6 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  1. All organisms are made of cells
  2. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
  3. All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

Two Basic Types of Electron Microscopes? (EMs)

A

Scanning Electron Microscope and Transmission Electron microscope

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3
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

o TEMs are used mainly to study the internal structure of cells

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5
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

takes cells apart and
separates the major organelles from one another.
enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cells are found only in Kingdoms…

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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7
Q

Protists are found in Kingdom…

A

Eukarya

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8
Q

Cytosol

A

semifluid substance filling cell

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry genes in the form of DNA

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

site where proteins are made

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11
Q

Cytoplasm

A

interior of cell, cytosol + organelles

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12
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

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13
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

DNA in a region (not nucleus) called the nucleoid

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14
Q

Cell Wall

A

Protects and provides shape for the cell

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15
Q

Flagella

A

o present in some prokaryotic cells
o used for locomotion
o rotary motion propels the cell

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16
Q

Pili and Fimbriae

A

o present in some prokaryotic cells
o hair-like extensions
o used for attachment to host (fimbriae) or other
bacterial cells during conjugation (pili)

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17
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

protein fibers that line the inside of the nuclear envelope to maintain shape

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18
Q

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called …

A

chromatin

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19
Q

Where is the site of Ribosomal synthesis?

A

nucleolus

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20
Q

What type of cell has multiple nuclei?

A

animal muscle cells and fungi

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21
Q

What type of cell has no nucleus?

A

mature red blood cells of animals.

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22
Q

What organelle carries out protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

o In the cytosol (free ribosomes)

o On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

24
Q

Endomembrane System

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

25
Endomembrane System is composed of what organelles?
``` o Nuclear envelope o Endoplasmic reticulum o Golgi apparatus o Lysosomes o Vacuoles o Plasma membrane ```
26
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many | eukaryotic cells
27
Which form of the ER lacks ribosomes?
Smooth ER
28
Functions of Smooth ER?
o Synthesizes lipids o Metabolizes carbohydrates o Detoxifies drugs and poisons o Stores calcium ions
29
Functions of Rough ER?
o Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates) o Is a membrane factory for the cell o Distributes transport vesicles = secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
30
Functions of Golgi Apparatus?
o Modifies products of the ER o Manufactures certain macromolecules o Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
31
Lysosome?
is a vesicle (= membranous sac) of hydrolytic enzymes (= breaks bonds with water) that can digest macromolecules
32
What do lysosomal enzymes do?
hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
33
Phagocytosis
lysosomes fuses with a food vacuole and digests the molecules
34
autophagy
lysosomes recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules
35
Tay-Sachs disease
caused by 1 incorrect lysosome enzyme which breaks down glycolipid in nerve cells ---> seizures
36
Vacuoles
large vesicles derived from the ER | and Golgi apparatus
37
Contractile Vacuoles
pump excess water out of cells
38
Food Vacuoles
formed by phagocytosis
39
Central Vacuoles
hold organic compounds and water
40
Mitochondria
are the sites of cellular respiration, | a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
41
Chloroplasts
sites of photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll
42
Stroma
semi-fluid matrix that fills the chloroplasts
43
Thylakoids
membraneous sacs within the inner membrane of a chloroplast
44
Granum
stacks of thylakoids (in chloroplasts)
45
Plastids
organelles in photosynthetic eukaryotes which manufacture or store pigments or food, contain their own DNA
46
peroxisomes
oxidative organelles that produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water, and perform reactions with many different functions
46
What is the Endosymbiont theory?
The theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through symbiotic relationships. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way
47
What are some of the characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
They are enveloped by two membranes, they possess their own circles of DNA, they possess free ribosomes, they are about the size of a prokaryotic cell, they divide by a process similar to bacteria, and they grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
48
What's are plastids?
Organelles in photosynthetic eukaryotes that manufacture or store pigments or food and contain their own DNA. EX. chloroplasts for photosynthesis, Chromoplasts for pigment synthesis, and Leukoplasts for storage
49
Cytoskeleton
Supports cell shape, keeps organelles in location, helps move materials in the cell, allows cell movement, regulates biochemical activities
50
What three main types of protein is the cytoskeleton made of?
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
51
Microtubules
Functions: | Cell shape, cell motility with flagella, separating chromosomes during cell division, guiding movement of organelles
52
Microfilaments
Functions: Maintenance and changes of cell shape, muscle contractions, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division and animal cells
53
Functions of the cell wall
Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
54
The extracellular matrix (ECM)
Found in animal cells, similar to a cell wall. Made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.
55
What are functions of the ECM
Regulation, signaling, support, adhesion

Biology Chapter 6 (1 decks)

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