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Historical Geology Chapter 6 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Geologic Systems

A

a time-rock unit consisting of all the rocks that represent a geologic period

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2
Q

Stratigraphy

A

the study of stratified rocks, especially their geometric relations, compositions, origins, and age relations

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3
Q

Stratigraphic Units

A

a stratum or group of adjacent strata distinguished by some physical, chemical, or paleontological property, or the unit of time that is based on the age of such strata

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4
Q

Correlation

A

the procedure of demonstrating correspondence between geographically separated parts of a stratigraphic unit

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5
Q

Lithologic Correlation

A

correlation between stratigraphic units based on rock type

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6
Q

Temporal Correlation

A

demonstration that strata in two different geographic areas are the same age

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7
Q

Time-Rock Unit

A

a stratigraphic unit that includes all the strata in the world that were deposited during a particular interval of time

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8
Q

Time Unit

A

the interval during which a time-rock unit formed

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9
Q

Erathems

A

a time-rock unit consisting of all the rocks that represent a geologic era

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10
Q

Series

A

a time-rock unit consisting of all the rocks that represent a geologic epoch

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11
Q

Stages

A

the time-rock unit that ranks below a series and consists of all the rocks that represent a geologic age

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12
Q

Epochs

A

a division of geologic time shorter than a period

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13
Q

Ages

A

the division of geologic time smaller than an epoch

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14
Q

Boundary Stratotype

A

an outcrop where the boundary between two time-rock units is formally recognized

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15
Q

Biostratigraphic Units

A

a body of rock, such as a zone, defined on the basis of its fossil content and having approximately time-parallel upper and lower boundaries

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16
Q

Zone

A

a rock unit whose upper and lower boundaries are based on the ranges of one or more taxa-usually species-in the biostratigraphic record

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17
Q

Index Fossils/Guide Fossils

A

a species or genus whose fossils provide for especially precise correlation; an ideal index fossil is easily distinguished from other taxa, is geographically widespread, is common in many kinds of sedimentary rocks, and is restricted to a narrow stratigraphic interval

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18
Q

Magnetic Stratigraphy

A

the use of magnetic properties of rocks for correlation

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19
Q

Magnetic Field

A

the field of magnetism that results from motions of Earth’s iron-rich liquid outer core and which causes Earth to behave like a giant bar magnet, with a north and south pole

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20
Q

Chron

A

a formally recognized polarity time-rock unit

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21
Q

Polarity Time-Rock Unit

A

a time-rock unit in which the polarity of Earth’s magnetic field was either the same as it is today (a so-called normal interval) or the opposite of what it is today (a reversed interval)

22
Q

Rock Units

A

a body of rock that is formally recognized as a formation, member, group, or supergroup

23
Q

Lithology

A

the physical and chemical characteristics of rock

24
Q

Stratigraphic Section

A

a local outcrop or series of adjacent outcrops that display a vertical sequence of strata

25
Q

Type Section

A

a stratigraphic section at a particular locality that is designated to define a rock unit

26
Q

Regression

A

a seaward migration of a marine shoreline and of nearby environments

27
Q

Transgression

A

a landward migration of a marine shoreline and of nearby environments

28
Q

Facies

A

the set of characteristics of a rock that represents a particular depositional environment

29
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

the spontaneous breakdown of certain kinds of atoms into one or more atoms of different elements, accompanied by a release of energy and subatomic particles

30
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

measurement of the amounts of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes present in rocks in relation to the amounts of their daughter isotopes (products of radioactive decay) to ascertain the ages of the rocks

31
Q

Half-Life

A

the time required for a particular radioactive isotope to decay to half its original amount; that time is consistent for any isotope, regardless of the amount of that isotope present at the outset

32
Q

Diagenesis

A

a wide array of postdepositional changes to sedimentary rocks, including lithification, petroleum generation, and the formation of low-temperature ore deposits

33
Q

Radiocarbon Dating

A

radiometric dating by means of carbon 14, a radioactive isotope with a half-life so short that its decay can be used to date materials younger than about 70,000 years

34
Q

Cosmogenic

A

of or relating to an elemental transformation resulting from cosmic ray bombardment

35
Q

Thermoluminescence Dating

A

determination of the length of time since sedimentary materials have been buried close to the Earth’s surface by applying heat to drive out electrons that have remained trapped within crystalline materials after being dislodged by cosmic rays

36
Q

Optical Dating

A

determination of the length of time since sedimentary materials have been buried close to Earth’s surface by employing light to drive out electrons that have remained trapped within crystalline materials after being dislodged by cosmic rays

37
Q

Stable Isotope Stratigraphy

A

dating of a rock by identifying within it a change in the ratio of stable isotopes of an element that is know to occur on a global scale within the natural environment

38
Q

Marker Bed

A

a distinctive bed that is useful for stratigraphic correlation

39
Q

Seismic Stratigraphy

A

the study of sedimentary rocks by means of seismic reflections generated when artificially produced seismic waves bounce off physical discontinuities within buried sediments

40
Q

Sequences

A

a large body of marine sediment deposited on a continent when the ocean rose in relation to the level of the continental surface and then receded again

41
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

three types of regular changes in Earth’s rotation and orbit: the eccentricity cycle, the obliquity cycle, and the precession cycle

42
Q

Positive Feedback

A

a result of a change that accelerates that change

43
Q

Eonothem

A

a time-rock unit consisting of all the rocks that represent a geologic eon

44
Q

Name the eons (from youngest to oldest)

A

1) Phanerozoic
2) Proterozoic
3) Archean
4) Hadean
HAPPY - Y (notice this is next to the youngest eon!) = HAPP (oldest to youngest)

45
Q

Name the eras of the Phanerozoic eon (from youngest to oldest)

A

1) Cenozoic
2) Mesozoic
3) Paleozoic
Alphabetical order - CMP

46
Q

Name the periods of the Phanerozoic eon of the Cenozoic era (from youngest to oldest)

A

1) Quaternary
2) Neogene
3) Paleogene
Can’t Quit Now Pal!
Ceno - Quat Neo Pal

47
Q

Name the periods of the Phanerozoic eon of the Mesozoic era (from youngest to oldest)

A

1) Cretaceous (Late and Early)
2) Jurassic
3) Triassic
Monsters = dinosaurs in alphabetical order

48
Q

Name the periods of the Phanerozoic eon of the Paleozoic era (from youngest to oldest)

A

1) Permian
2) Carboniferous (Late-Pennsylvanian and Early-Mississippian)
3) Devonian
4) Silurian
5) Ordovician
6) Cambrian
Pals - Please Count Dinosaurs Second On Category

49
Q

Name the epoch of the Cenozoic era of the Quaternary period

A

1) Pleistocene

50
Q

Name the epochs of the Cenozoic era of the Neogene period

A

1) Pliocene
2) Miocene
Night = Post Meridian (PM)

51
Q

Name the epochs of the Cenozoic era of the Paleogene period

A

1) Oligocene
2) Eocene
3) Paleocene
POE = Poet

Historical Geology Chapter 6 (1 decks)

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