chapter 6

Question 1

renewal effect?

Answer 1

if a response is extinguished in a diff envi. than it is acquired. the extinguished response will reappearif the animal is returned to the original envi where the acqui, took place.
extinction= suppresses no = erasing
extinction doesnt lead to unlearning

Question 2

stimulus generalization?

Answer 2

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds the same way to the new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
depends on the similarity b/w new stimulus and the original.

Question 3

stimulus discrimination?

Answer 3

oocurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to the new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.( the less similar new stimuli are to the original cs, the greater the likelihood of discrimination

Question 4

Classical conditioning?

Answer 4

Ivan Pavlov

Question 5

Ivan Pavlov nobel prize?

Answer 5

Experiment with dogs
dogs salivated to the clicking sound made by the devise use to present the meat powder
pavlov pair the clicking sound with the meat
key point: the tone has started out as a neutral stimulus

Question 6

Uncontioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 6

it evokes an unconditional( not previously learned) response w/o previous conditioning (teaching).
US= meat powder

Question 7

Unconditioned respose (UR)

Answer 7

is an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (previous learning)

Question 8

conditioning

Answer 8

learning associations b/w events that occur in a organisms environment.

Question 9

Conditioned Stimulus?

Answer 9

is a previously neutral stimulus that has thru conditioning (learning) acqui. the capacity to evoke a condoned( learned) response

Question 10

Conditioned Response?

Answer 10

is a learned action to a conditioned stimulus that occurs b/c previous conditioning

Question 11

Higher order of conditioning?

Answer 11

2 phase process: 1. NS paired w/ US until it becomes a CS that elicits the response originally by US.
2. Another NS paired w/ previ. stab. CS so it also acquir. caps. to ellicity response originally evoked by US.
In which conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
No Natural UC is needed.

Question 12

Reflexive response?

Answer 12

Reflexive response that is largely controlled by stimuli that precede the response.
Humans n some animals doesnt apply
Studying (not a reflex) - stimuli that govern it ( exam and grades) do not precede it. studying mainly influenced by stimulus events that follow the response. consequences.

Question 13

Operant Conditioning?

Answer 13

Is a form of learning in which voluntary response come to be controlled by their consequences.

Question 14

Operant VS classical conditioning?

Answer 14

Operant= voluntary responses
Classical = regulated reflexive, involuntary responses.
( CC n oc jointly and interactively govern some aspects of behavior.

Question 15

Classical conditioning examples?
Observational learning?
Operant Conditioning?

Answer 15

Ivan Pavlon: The dog experiment-CC
John Watson: Little Albert-CC
Albert Bandura _OL
B.F skinner - OC

Question 16

B.F skinnier Principle of Operant Conditioning?

Answer 16

He demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences.

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.
study hard= good grades
work hard= promotions more money

Question 18

To omit

Answer 18

It means to send forth
WhY?
Bc operant conditioning mainly governs voluntary responses instead of reflex responses.

Question 19

Reinforcement contigencies

Answer 19

are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforces.

Question 20

What is the dependent variable in OP?

Answer 20

The response rate over time

Question 21

Acquisition and shaping?

Answer 21

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Question 22

Shaping in Rat experiment

Answer 22

Release food pellets every time rat moves toward the lever.
a closer approximation is required
reinforcing only when the lever is pressed

Question 23

Extinction

Answer 23

It weakens and disappear the response when a reinforcement is no longer followed. IT begins as soon as reinforcement is stopped .

Question 24

Resistance to extinction

Answer 24

occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of reinforcer for it has been terminated.
Extin tappers off slowly= high resistance to extinction
Extin tappers off quickly = low resistance to extinction

Question 25

Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning�

Answer 25

Acquisition
Extinction 
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization 
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-order conditioning

Question 26

What is a discriminative stimuli?

Answer 26

Are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences ( reinforcement or non reinforcement) of a response.
Response and reinforcer—
birds learn that hunting for warms likely to be reinforce after rain.

Question 27

Reaction to Discriminative stimulus is governed by?

Answer 27

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

Question 28

What is a discriminative stimuli?

Answer 28

Are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences ( reinforcement or non reinforcement) of a response.
Response and reinforcer—
birds learn that hunting for warms likely to be rainforce after rain.

Question 29

Driscriminative stimulus is governed by?

Answer 29

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

Question 30

Primary reinforcer?

Answer 30

are events that are inherently reiforcing b/c they satisfy biological need. Foox, sex, sleep

Question 31

secondary or conditioned reinforcements?

Answer 31

are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcements.

Question 32

schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 32

is a specific pattern of presentation of reinforces over time

Question 33

Continuos reinforcement?

Answer 33

occurs when every instance of a design response is reinforced. Jamal gets a gold star for every book he reads.

Question 34

intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 34

occur when a designated response is reinforce only some of the time.

Question 35

ratio schedules?

Answer 35

require the organism to make the designated response a certain number of times to gain each reinforcement.

Question 36

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Answer 36

the reinforcement is given after a fixed number of non reinforced responses
ex: a rat is reinforce for every 10 lever press
a salesperson receives a bonus for every 4 sales made.

Question 37

Variable-ratio ( VR)

Answer 37

schedule, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

slot machine will pay off every six times tried
the number of nonwinnin responses bw payoff varies greatly from one time to the next.

Question 38

fixed-interval schedule (FI)

Answer 38

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
ex; a rat is reinforcer after a 2 min interval has elapsed then it must wait another 2 min.
students can earn grades by taking test every 3 weeks.( fix time)
It produces the scallop curve.

Question 39

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 39

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.
rat is reinforces for the 3 lever press after 1 min interval has elapsed , but the following reinforcement is 3 - 2-4 with a ave time of 2 min.

Question 40

positive reinforcement

Answer 40

occurs when a response is strengthened bc it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Question 41

negative reinforcements

Answer 41

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive( unpleasant) stimulus. Rats get an electric shock until leverl is pressed.
Humans rush to get home in winter to get out of the cold

Question 42

Escape learning

Answer 42

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

Question 43

avoidance learning

Answer 43

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring . ( uses a light starts as CS— b4 shock(UC) is forthcoming-CR- fear)
Operant conditioning..
Response- run away… aversive stimulus removed-

Question 44

punishment in operant learning

Answer 44

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Question 45

punishment

Answer 45

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
when pigeon pecks the disk receives a small shock so animal response declines.
neg rein and punishment are the opposite.
punishment present an aversive stimulus , thereby weakening a response.

Question 46

biological constrains on condition

Answer 46

There are limits to the generality of conditioning principles limits imposed by an organism’s biological heritage

Question 47

Martin seligman

Answer 47

a delay of 30 sex bw cs and us makes it difficult to establish a conditioned response.( taste aversion)

Question 48

John garcia (1989)

Answer 48

nausea and taste create taste aversion
odor nausea- taste aversion.
We are program to know what not to eat in order to survive.

Question 49

Preparedness and phobia

Answer 49

involves species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain way and not others. Seligman states evolutionary forces gradually wired the human brain to acquired conditioned fear of this stimuli easily and rapidly.

Question 50

robert rescorla

Answer 50

did 50 trials where he shock rats
100 trials were he shock rat
concluded CS is stronger fear response in the group that had exposed to the stimulus.

Question 51

non-contingent reinforcement

Answer 51

occur when a response is accidentally strengthened y a reinforcer that follows it, even though delivery of the reinforcer was not a result of the response

Question 52

behavior modification

Answer 52

specify behavior-gather baseline data- design program-execute program.