Chapter 6 Flashcards
Explain the solid state
*They have high degree of internal order
*Fixed volume and shape
*strong mutual attractive force between atoms
*Molecules have the shortest distance to travel before collision
What is the motion of a solid called?
“jiggle”
Explain the liquid state
*They have fixed volume, but adapt to shape of their container
*Atoms exhibit less degree of mutual attraction compared with solids
*Shape is determined by numerous internal and external forces
Explain the gaseous state
*No fixed volume or shape
*weak molecular attraction
*gas molecules exhibit rapid, random motion with frequent collisions
*easily compressed & expand to fill container
What causes increased internal energy?
*Performing “work” on the system
*Heating a substance
What is conduction?
Main method of heat transfer in solids
-via direct contact between molecules
What is convection?
mixing of fluid molecules at different temperatures
-transfers heat into liquids and gases
example: boiling water
What is radiation?
heat transfer occurs without direct contact between two substances
What is evaporation?
form of vaporization where heat is taken from the air surrounding the liquid, cooling the air
What is condensation?
opposite of evaporation
-gas becomes a liquid
What is the absolute zero and what is happening?
Absolute zero= Kelvin
no kinetic energy
-lowest possible temperature
-molecules cease to vibrate
-object has no measurable heat
55 Celsius = ? Fahrenheit
131 *F
40 Celsius= ? Fahrenheit
104 *F
37 Celsius= ? Fahrenheit
98.6 *F
88 Fahrenheit= ? Celsius
31.1 *C
92 Fahrenheit= ? Celsius
33.3 *C
65 Fahrenheit= ? Celsius
18.3 *C
Explain viscosity
*force opposing fluids flow
*directly proportional to conserve focus between its molecules
-the stronger the cohesive forces, the greater the fluid viscosity
What is cohesion?
attractive forces between like molecules
(ex: causes the formation of water drops when it rains)
What is adhesion?
attractive force between unlike molecules
(ex: causes the drops to cling to other surfaces)
What is surface tension?
*Force exerted by like molecules at liquids surfaces
*Bubbles retain spherical shape
What are the two types of vaporization?
Boiling -when heating liquid to temperature at which its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
Evaporation -when liquid changes into gas at temperature below its boiling point
What is absolute humidity?
actual amount (or weight) of water vapor in gas
-measured in mg/L
aka. water vapor content
What is relative humidity (RH) ?
-when gas is not fully saturated
-ratio of its actual water vapor content to its saturated capacity at given temperature
What is the absolute humidity when the air is fully saturated at 37 Celsius ?
43.8 mg/L
At what point in the body do we reach 100% RH?
when it reaches the trachea
What is dew point?
temperature where it causes water vapor to turn back into liquid state
What happens when gases increase in temperature?
-High temperatures= High speeds
-Kinetic activities like travel at high speeds, random paths, and frequent collisions
Explain Dalton’s Law
partial pressure of gas in mixture is proportional to its percentage in mixture
P(n)= P (total) - (Po2+Pco2+h2o)
or
P(total)= ( Po2+Pco2+Ph2o+Pn)
At a normal barometric pressure of 760 mm Hg, alveolar O2 Exerts a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg, CO2 45 mm Hg, and water vapor 53 mm Hg. What is the alveolar partial pressure of nitrogen?
562 mmHg
Explain Boyle’s Law
-volume of gas varies inversely proportional to its pressure
-pressure increases, volume decreases
-temperature remains constant
P1P2=P2V2
If the pressure of a gas 7 PSI with a volume at 8 mL, what would be the volume if the pressure becomes 14 PSI?
4 mL
if the pressure of a gas 8 PSI with a volume at 4 mL, what would be the pressure if the volume becomes 2 mL?
16 PSI
What is critical temperature?
-The highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid
- The pressure needed to maintain equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase
Describe the patterns of flow
Laminar flow- fluid moving in discrete cylindrical layers or streamlines
Turbulent flow- loss of regular streamlines; fluid molecules form irregular currents in chaotic pattern
Transitional flow- mixture of laminar and turbulent flow.
Explain the Bernoulli Principle
-An increase in the velocity of the fluid results in a decrease in the sun of its static pressure, potential energy, and internal energy
-Fluid passing through tube that meets constriction experiences significant pressure drop.
what is the formula to find Celsius ?
C= (F - 32) / 1.8
what is the formula to find Fahrenheit?
F= (1.8 x C) + 32
