Chapter 6 Flashcards

Human Population

1
Q

When did the human population reach 1 billion?

A

after 1800

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2
Q

Country’s doubling time

A

70/(annual percentage growth rate)

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3
Q

What are reasons for human population growth?

A

advances to technology, sanitation, agriculture, and practices that reduce death rates

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4
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

British economist who argued that the number of people would eventually outgrow the available food supply

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5
Q

Green Revolution

A

resulted in intensified food production with the increasing population

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6
Q

What are negative impacts of increased population size?

A

depletes resources, stresses social systems, degrades the natural environment

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7
Q

IPAT model

A

(I)mpact = (P)opulation x (A)ffluence x (T)echnology

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8
Q

Increased population (IPAT)

A

more individuals take up space, use resources, and generate waste

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9
Q

Affluence (IPAT)

A

greater per capita resource consumption

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10
Q

Technology (IPAT)

A

enhances ability to exploit resources/decrease impact by improving efficiency

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11
Q

Demography

A

study of statistical changes in the human population

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12
Q

Demographers

A

study characteristics of the human population: size, distribution, age structure, sex ration, birth/death/emigration/immigration rates

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13
Q

What population size is the global population predicted to surpass by 2050?

A

9.7 billion

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14
Q

Age structure diagrams/population pyramids

A

describe relative numbers of individuals of each age class in a population (lower ages at the bottom)

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15
Q

What is the predicted median age in 2050?

A

36

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16
Q

What is the naturally occurring sex ratio at birth?

A

106 males:100 females

17
Q

Infant mortality rates

A

frequency of children dying in infancy (which has decreased)

18
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

average number of children born per woman during her life time (decreased due to industrialization, improved women’s rights, healthcare)

19
Q

Replacement fertility

A

TFR that keeps the population size stable (2.1)

20
Q

Rate of natural increase

A

includes only birth and death rates

21
Q

Life expectancy

A

average number of years a person in an age group is expected to live, increased in industrialized countries

22
Q

Demographic transition

A

stages of economic/cultural change for industrializing countries

23
Q

Pre-industrial stage

A

high death rates due to widespread disease, rudimentary healthcare, unreliable food supplies (people compensate for infant mortality by having many children); population growth is stable

24
Q

Transitional stage

A

declining death rates due to improved food production and health care, but similar birth rates; high population growth

25
Industrial stage
employment opportunities increase for women and birth control becomes more accessible, decreasing birth rates; population growth begins to stabilize
26
Post-industrial stage
population growth stabilizes/shrinks
27
Demographic fatigue
developing countries become so overpopulated they cannot complete a transition (many sub-Saharan African countries)
28
What economic/societal factors affect fertility?
access to contraceptives, acceptance of contraceptives, women's rights, cultural influences, level of affluence, child labor, government support for retirees
29
Family planning
effort to plan number and spacing of children
30
Birth control
efforts to reduce frequency of pregnancy
31
Contraception
attempt to prevent pregnancy while having sex
32
Reproductive window
time in which women can become pregnant
33
Biocapacity
amount of biologically available land
34
Ecological deficit
result of overshoot (human ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity)
35
Ecological reserve
result of a footprint less than biocapacity