Chapter 6 & 17.1 - Openstax Intro to Soc 3e

Question 1

aggregate

Answer 1

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity

Question 2

authoritarian leader

Answer 2

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

Question 3

bureaucracies

Answer 3

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality

Question 4

category

Answer 4

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Question 5

clear division of labor

Answer 5

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

Question 5

coercive organizations

Answer 5

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Question 6

conformity

Answer 6

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Question 6

democratic leader

Answer 6

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

Question 7

explicit rules

Answer 7

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Question 7

dyad

Answer 7

a two-member group

Question 8

expressive function

Answer 8

a group function that serves an emotional need

Question 8

formal organizations

Answer 8

large, impersonal organizations

Question 8

expressive leader

Answer 8

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing

Question 9

leadership function

Answer 9

the main focus or goal of a leader

Question 9

leadership style

Answer 9

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

Question 9

group

Answer 9

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

Question 9

impersonality

Answer 9

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

Question 9

McDonaldization of Society

Answer 9

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

Question 10

hierarchy of authority

Answer 10

a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy

Question 10

in-group

Answer 10

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

Question 11

instrumental function

Answer 11

being oriented toward a task or goal

Question 11

instrumental leader

Answer 11

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Question 11

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Answer 11

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Question 12

laissez-faire leader

Answer 12

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Question 13

meritocracy

Answer 13

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

Question 14

normative or voluntary organizations

Answer 14

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

Question 14

out-group

Answer 14

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

Question 14

secondary groups

Answer 14

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

Question 14

total institution

Answer 14

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

Question 15

primary groups

Answer 15

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

Question 15

reference groups

Answer 15

groups to which an individual compares herself

Question 16

triad

Answer 16

a three-member group

Question 17

utilitarian organizations

Answer 17

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

Question 18

authority

Answer 18

power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate

Question 19

charismatic authority

Answer 19

power legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional personal qualities

Question 20

power

Answer 20

the ability to exercise one’s will over others

Question 21

rational-legal authority

Answer 21

power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

Question 22

traditional authority

Answer 22

power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs