chapter 6 Flashcards
metabolic heat production
normal metabolic function results in production of heat
conductive heat exchange
physical contact with objects resulting in heat loss or gain
convective heat exchange
body heat can be lost or gained depending on circulation of medium
radiant heat exchange
comes from sunshine and will cause increase in temperature
evaporative heat loss
sweat glands allow water transported to surface
preventing heat illness
-common sense and precaution
-consume fluids and stay cool
hydration
-during the 24 hrs prior
-urine should be light yellow in color
-dark urine is indication of dehydration
dehydration
-occurs when 2% of body weight is lost in fluid
-will impair cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses
-must move individual to cool environment and begin rehydration
gradual acclimatization
-most effective method of avoiding heat stress
-early pre season training and graded intensity changes are recommended with progressive exposure over 7-10 day period
-80% of accimatization can be achieved during first 5-6 days with 2 hr morning and afternoon practice sessions
identifying susceptible individuals
-large muscle mass
-overweight athletes
-death from heat stroke increases 4:1 as body weight increases
- women are physiologically more efficient with regard body temp regulation
-poor fitness
-history
-febrile
-young
-elderly
uniform selection
-base on temp and humidity
-dress for weather and temp
-avoid rubber suit
weight records
-keep track of before and after measures for first 2 wks
-if increase in temp and humidity occurs during the season weight should again be recorded
monitoring heat index
wet bulb globe temperature index provides objetive measure
heat rash
-genign condition associated with red, raised rash, combined with prickling with sweat
-result of continuously wet unevaporated sweat
-continually towel body
-generally localized to areas covered with clothing
heat syncope
-associated with rapid fatigue and overexposure standing in heat for long periods of time
heat cramps`
-painful muscle spasms due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance
-occurs in individuals in good shape that overexert themselves
heat exhaustion
-result of inadequate fluid replacement
-unable to sustain adequate cardiac output
-exhibit signs of profuse sweating, pale skin, dizziness, nauseous
heatstroke
-serious life threatening condition with unknown specific cause
malignant hyperthermia
muscle disorder causing hypersensitivity to anesthesia and heat
acute exertional rhabdomyolysis
sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle `
sickle cell trait reaction
when hemoglobin is deoxygenated cells clump together causing blood cell to develop sickle shape making it easy to destroy. causes enlarged spleen and could rupture at high altitudes
exertional hyponatremia
-fluid/electrolyte disorder resulting in abnormally low concentration of sodium in blood
-caused by ingesting too much fluid before, during, and after exercise
hypothermia
-cold weather vs nature of a particular sport
-problems arise when heat lost exceeds heat production via metabolism
frost nip
-involves ears, nose, chin, fingers, and toes
-occurs with high wind and/or severe cold
-skin appears firm with cold painless areas that may peel and blister
-treat with firm pressure, blowing warm air or hards in armpits
frostbite
-chilblains result from prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling, tingling pain in toes and fingers due to poor peripheral circulation
acute mountain sickness
-experience headachem nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, and dyspnea
-caused by brain disruption association with sodium potassium imbalance resulting in fluid retention and cellular pressure changes
altitude pulmonary edema
-occurs sat 9000-10000 feet
-lungs accumulate fluid in alveolar walls forming pulmonary edema
-treat by moving athlete to lower altitude providing oxygen
high altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
-usually occurs in conjunction with other life threatening conditions that can lead to coma or death
-result of increased cerebral edema due to increased cerebral blood flow which is cause by increased permeability of cerebral endothelium when exposed to hypoxia
photochemical haze
nitrogen dioxide and stagnant air acted on by sunlight to produce ozone
smog
combination of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter
ozone
formed by the action of sunlight on carbon based chemicals (hydrocarbons) in combination with nitrogen dioxides
