Chapter 6 Flashcards by Yonathan Anosie

is a virtualization technology used to deploy and run applications and services without the need to deploy a virtual server for each solution

Containerization

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The simplified and flexible deployment architecture established by containerization can directly support… and …

Cost reduction
Business agility business drivers of cloud computing

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The operating system programs used to support the execution and activve operation of apps are referred to as

runtime

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The component responsible for creating and running multiple virtual servers from a physical server

hypervisor

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Two types of virtualization

Type - 1(Hypervisor based) - no OS on physical hardware
Type - 2(OS based) - physical hardware has OS and may have hypervisor

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is a virtualized hosting environmnt that can be optimized to provide only the resources required for its software program

container

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Container image

pre-defined template that is used to create deployed containers

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Container engine

referred to as containerization engine, is responsible for creating containers based on pre-defined container images

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Two planes of container engine

management - tools to adminstrators to manages the environment
control - remaining functions that the engine carries out automatically

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Pod

also known as a logical pod container is a special type of system container that can be used to host a single container or group of containers that have shared storage / network res, and configuration

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…environment where a container is deployed

host(node / server)

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Containers can be deployed on hosts without being clustered into a pod

True

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Within clustering envs host servers are referred as

nodes

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Common type of host clusters

Load balanced cluster - distributes workloads
High availability cluster - system availability incase of failure
Scaling cluster - supports vertical / horizontal scaling

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Containers within the same host can communicate using … and containers within different hosts can communicate using …

Local host network and Overlay network

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Containerization benefits

Solution optimization - customizable isolated solution with minimal footprint
Enhanced scalability - low resource consumption allows for rapid scaling
Enhanced resiliency - new instances can be configured in case of failure
Enhanced deployment speed - faster than vms
Version support
Enhanced Portability

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Containerization Risks

Lack of Isolation from Host OS
Container Attack Threat(sharing of underlying OS kernel)
Increased Complexity
Increased administrative overhead

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A single container can host a single software program only

False

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Containers in a pod share the same IP

true

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Containers in a pod communicate how

inter-process communication

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Pods further provide special containerization capabilities such as

Container chains
Orchestration
Scaling

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Containers in a pod have a common storage access

True

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The common storage available to containers in a pod is referred to as .. and presented as..

Volume, File System

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Instances of containers that are hosted are called

Replicas

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Container clusters

are pools of container instances that are instantiated in advance of their actual usage

Refers to the process of managing software packages and dependencies within containerized applications

Container package management

tool that makes containerized application packaging and distribution easier

Container package manager

Container deployment file

also referred as a package, contains the deployment workflow logic

Deployment optimizer program

program that runs before the container package manager carries out the deployment workflow and assess available hosts in the cluster to determine the optimal destination for the container to be deployed

Additional factors that the deployment optimizer program considers

- hardware and software policy limitations - affinity and anti-affinity specifications - data locality - inter-workload interference

In containerization, deployment optmization is referred to

scheduling

The container package manager coordinates the deployment of containers, as per the deployment workflow logic provided in the package and the host deployment instructions it receives from the deployment optimizer.

True

Container Orchestration

process of automating the deployment, scaling and management of containerized applications in a distributed computing environement

Key operations of a container orchestrator

- Deployment - Load Balancing - Scaling - Health Monitoring - Service discovery - " Orchestration - Network Orchestration - Config Management

Key components of a container orchestrator

Container Runtime API Server Scheduler Controller Manager Distributed Key-Value Store Networking Storage

Container Runtime

responsible for running and managing containers on each node

API Server

central interface for interacting with the orchestrator

Responsible for decideing which node in the cluster to deploy a new container to

Scheduler

Controller Manager

managing various controllers

used by the orchestrator to store configuration, service discovery info

Distributed Key-value store

a component that provide necessary network infrastructure(routing and load balancing)

Networking

component that manages the persistent storage needs of containers, including providing access to shared storage resources and ensuring data integrity

storage

Basic steps in a container orchestrator

1. Create image 2. Push image to container registry 3. Define the application deployment(config) 4. Deploy the application 5. Monitor and manage 6. Manage multiple apps

...central remote repository of container images

Container registry

Container Package manager vs Orchestrator

Function - CPM is responsible for managing images and dependencies, while Orch is responsible for automating deployment, scaling and management Scope - CPM on managing images, Orch manage containerized apps Level of abstraction - CPM at lower level of abstrraction than Orch Toolset - CPM provide limited set of tools on managing images.

A container network provides capabilities in support of

Availability Scalability Flexibility

The scope of a container network is usually equal to the scope

of the solution

Containers require separate network addresses if they participate in different networks

True

Network addresses are assigned by

the container engine or administrator

Rich containers

Containers that are feature-rich

Feature-rich container features

- Limiting resource consumption - Logs - Restart criteria - Storage management - Proxy features

Further container chx

- Numerous supporting programs can be hosted in a container - Infrastructure needs can be limited - Visibility of external resources can be limited - App and container lifecycle are in sync

Two primary types of container images

Base Customized

Base container images

act as templates for customized container images. referred to as partial container images

Customized container images

are created by the container engine, which then uses them to create actual, deployed containers.

Key characteristic of container images

Immutability

Operating system abstraction

base container image provides a subset of functions of the underlying os

the OS kernel abstracted by container images

False

How do containers interact with the kernel of the OS

through container engines

Container build file

human-editable, machine-processable configuration file that specifies what belongs in (or what is abstracted by) a customized container image

The build file identifies

- Base container image for the customized image - Additional OS resources to be abstracted or added - Container networks that the container needs to participate in

The containerization platform uses ... file system as the basis of container image layering

union

A software program that will be hosted by the container can be seen as an image layer

true

How customized container images are created

The administrator authors a build file for the container The administrator provides the build file to the container engine The container engine retrieves the required base container image from the image registry The container engine then uses the base container image and the information from the build file to create a new customized container image from which it then generates and deploys

Where is customized container image usually stored

in the container engine internal memory or storage for efficient access

Types of Multi-container types

Sidecar container Adapter container Ambassador container

Sidecar container

a secondary containerized app component that is added to abstract utility logic-related processing. can be deployed as a separate container

Adapter container

a secondary containerized app component to take care of data conversion logic

Ambassador container

a secondary containerized app component to take care of communication processing logic