Chapter 6 Flashcards
Agricultural extension
process of transmitting ideas, information, technologies, from one person to
another with the intent of enhancing/modefying the learner’s knowledge, attitudes,
and/or skills
Teaching
Refers to the systematic procedure employed by extension worker in getting the vital
information across the client-learners. It includes everything one does or refrain to do
which causes behavioral changes in the individual learner
Method
Refers to the art and skills of performance. This will involve the use of action or gestures,
changing facial expressions to depict different moods, varying voice, pitch, tempo and
timbre.
Techniques
Is a “little method”. It is a teaching aid or a tool used to facilitate instruction. It is any
means, usually concrete, used to make the instruction better, meaningful and more
interesting.
Device
Factors to consider in choosing teaching
methods to use?
Human factor
The objective
Subject matter
Available materials and facilities
Time consideration
Available budget support
are statements of what clientele will be able to do after the learning
proces
The objective
Time given to the extension worker to present subject matter, time of the day or
even the load time to of one to prepare the materials needed for the learning
activity.
Time consideration
The clienteles may include the farmers, homemakers, the out-of-school
youth and the enterpreneurs, among others
The client-learners
Knowledge, attitudes and experience are all factors of primary importance.
The extension worker must be credible, that is acceptable and believable
to the clientele groups.
The extension worker as a teacher
Human factor
The extension worker as a teacher
The client-learners
Classification of the Extension Teaching
Methods
Individual contact
Group contact
Mass contact
Like lecture, method demonstration meeting, group discussion, field trip, seminarsworkshop, conferences, role-playing, panel
Group contact
Farm and home visit, office call, telephone correspondence and result
demonstration
Individual contact
Radio, television, print-media fairs, field days, and exhibit.
Mass contact
involve
interpersonal
interaction
between
the extension worker
and
clientele
either in the farm
or home of the
later
Farm and home visits
The face to face
contact
between
the
extension
worker and the
clientele gives the former the
opportunity to
know the latter
and / or get
first-hand
information
about
the
condition of his
crop/livestock
project.
Characteristics of farm and home visits
this method is the
reverse of
both
farm/ home visit
and office call as it
lacks the personal
or
face-to-face
contact
vetween
the
extension
worker and the
clientele.
Telephone calls
•Limited
application
as
not
all
have
telephone
lines/ cell sites.
• Expensive for it
requires
telephones
Weak points of telephone calls
this is the reverse
of the farm and
home visit as the
clientele is the one
who goes to the
extension
office
and
seek
for
technical
assistance
or
information from
the
extension workers
Office calls
The clientele is
the one that
pays a visit to
the
extension
office/ worker
in his offic
Characteristics of office calls
An
extension
worker can also
make
use
of
business letters in
transmitting
important
information
Letters
This is a method of
teaching
usually
conducted in the
farmer’s
field
involving
the
cooperation of a
selected
cooperator
whereby
a
component
technology.
Results demonstration
An interaction between several number of individuals and engage in a
lively exchange of ideas about a specific topic
Group method
Is a prepared oral presentation on a given subject by a trainer or a resource person
while the audience is usually passive, i.e. simply taking notes or just listening
Lectures
Gathering of the officers and members of an organized group, or a
group of intended clienteles with the extension worker for a definite
purpose.
Meetings
Is one if not the oldest teaching methods. This method
emphasizes the principle of “learning by doing”. It is easy to
learn things if the extension worker not only tells “how” but also
“show how” the skills is being done
Method demonstration
Is a planned and guided visit of a group of participants to a specific site or sites for
the purpose of obtaining first-hand information about an organization and its
services / products
Field Trip/Lakbay aral
Literally, the term “seminar” means a meeting whereby a group of advanced
students studying under a professor with which doing original research and all
exchanging results through reports and discussions
Seminar
Is a meeting of individuals, preferably small number usually in a round table situation
who meet for a specific purpose. The key word is “purpose”.
Conference
a method of adopting roles from real life other than those being played by the person
concerned and understanding the dynamics of those role. “Role fitting and role-taking”
other terms sometimes used to describe this process
Role playing
Types of role playing
Structured role playing
Spontaneous role playing
Types of structured role play
The Single role play
The multiple role play
The role rotation
This type of role play consists of two or three people playing out roles in
front of a group. This type of role play is usually used when the purpose is to
develop the leadership skills
Single role play
all participants are players. The group is broken up
into groups of two; three or whatever number of roles is called for by the particular
role play
Multiple role play
consists of having one person play a role usually that of an
individual who has a problem or is creating a problem and having several class
members attempt to use their skills to handle the situation
Rotation role play
requires that the trainer elicits problems from the
group and then directed an enactment of the problem. No written roles are used.;
the materials for the role are obtained directly from the group itself.
Spontaneous role play
is an activity where a group of three to 10 people meet together to
discuss informally but deliberately a topic of mutual concerns usually
under the guidance of a leader
Group discussion
as a term suggests is held to give public recognition to
worthwhile accomplishments of the extension office, farmercooperators and the like.
Achievement day
Is a season-long event conducted in the field wherein the farmers are encouraged to
explore and discover for themselves new technologies/ options in a systematic manner
and to make decisions based on their own learning’s
Farmer field school
was first introduced /
developed in Indonesia as a way of training rice farmers in Integrated Pest Management
(IPM). Since then the concept become popular in many Asian countries involving crops
and other than rice.
FFS
is a place where anybody can openly voice their views
and opinions in a discussion-style setting. It might take place in person
or online, and it’s often made to promote conversation and debate
about a certain subject.
Open forum
are
the
different
publications
produced such as
brochures,
leaflets,
information
bulletins,newspapers,
circulars,
wall newspapers, and comics used
to disseminate technologies and
other valuable information’s to
intended clientele.
Print media
is a pamphlet or more
than four (4) pages containing
essential information
on
a
technology package. Essentially, this is in the popular or layman’s
level
Primer
Types of print media
Primer
Leaflets
Brochures
Booklet
Handouts
Newsletter
Factsheets
Photonovel
Newspaper
Wall newspaper
Flyers
Poster
Bulletin
Types of broadcast media
Radio
Television
Exhibit
Posters
Motion picture
Slides and film strips
Flip chart
Flannel graph
Wall newspaper
Bulletin board
Photographs
Diagram
Object
Specimen
Models
is a single sheath
printed material containing brief
information
on
a
specific
information that is not necessarily
a
step-by-step
procedural
instruction to follow but is also
needed by the farmers. The leaflet
may bear on both sides and may
be folded.
Leaflets
thin, unbound book
containing a specific topic; more
detailed than a leaflet.
Brochures
consists of up to 20
pages joined at the spine, longer
than a brochure
Booklet
supplemental to
lectures contain some topics/
important information discussed
in the lecture.
Handouts
a regularly issued
publication, keeps people abreast
to what is happening in their field
of interest
Newsletter
contains
useful
information / instructions about a
specific subject matter; one-page,
continuous publicati
Factsheets
generic
for
printed
material
in
comics
format; including illustrations and
text; a subtle way of putting a
message wherein a development
message is incorporated in the
story
Photonovel
this print material
provides a valuable channel for
transmission
of
educational
informat
Newspaper
this material is
similar in size and appearance to
posters. One difference though is
that the wall newspaper usually
attempts to communicate more
than one idea and has more
illustrations.
Wall newspaper
Is a single sheet printed
material summarizing information
on
technology
package
or
component technology. It bears
illustrations
and
brief
text,
preferably
in
the
audience
dialects.
Flyers
- is a single sheet visual
containing
photographs
and
captions
to
highlight
a
recommendation
or
promote
awareness.
Posters
is a semi technical
publication on a package of
technology intended for extension
worker
Bulletin
can be regarded as a public display of technologies, innovations,
products, or even services available to the farmers, fisherfolks, entrepreneurs, in
particular and the public in general.
Exhibit
It may be designed to
arouse interest and direct people
to a source of further information
or it may teach a lesson by itself
Posters
generally available for extension use
are an ineffective device for actual
extension teaching. Motion pictures
of a general documentary nature and
therefore, used mainly to attract
attention, arouse interest and to
entertain.
Motion pictures
Relatively
inexpensive projectors can be obtained
which will show colored slides or film
strips. The machine usually operates by
electricity. Colored slides can be made
up for the local area showing familiar
scenes, faces, and the same time,
teaching a new practice. Accompanied
by a lecture the slides are very
effective
Slides and film strips
Nothing more than a
piece of flannel cloth stretched over a
flat smooth wood surface
Flannelgraph
Sometimes used
by posting in a prominent place a
news sheet done in a large print.
This may give current agricultural
news, announce the meetings or
other farm events.
Wall newspaper
is handled much the
same
as
wall
newspaper
except that is more variable in
its presentations
Bulletin board
visual symbols made
up of lines and geometric forms
from which pictorial elements is
absent e.g. diagram of the root
system of a plant, floor plan of
the house,
direction
for
assembling
a
collapsible
technology
Diagram
the real things
which have been removed
as units form their natural
setting
Object
They are real things but
differ from objects in the sense that
specimens may be a small part
segment, piece or sample of the
whole that have been treated and
mounted in some special way in order
to preserve it.
Specimen
recognizable threedimensional replicas of real
objects
Model
are the tools of teaching through the sense of sight. They are supporting
materials & they alone cannot generate learning. They should be considered only a tool
that helps to do a job in a better way
Visual aids
Different types of visual aids
Posters
Flannel graph
Flush cards
Puppet
Slide
Film strips
Models
Bulletin board
Photographs
Black board
Cultural program
Charts
Common type of charts
• Organizational charts
• Flow charts
• Pie charts
• Line charts
• Pictorial graphs
• Trend charts
• Combination
visual symbols used forsummarizing, comparing and contrasting, and
explaining a subjectmatter
Charts
such as folk-songs & dramas,
are used as an effective medium of
communicating
the
message
of
development programs. Dramatization
of a theme or story creates a lively
interest among the audience
Cultural program
They
provide
a
writing & drawing surface for chalk.
They are usually used in schools,
colleges & meeting places. They
make possible the use of sketches,
drawings, words, symbols of a
combination of them to emphasize
a point.
Black boards
show some action & catch the feelings & emotions of the
people. They are so arranged that they tell
a story. They are displayed on a bulletinboard at a common meeting-place where a
large number of people can see them
Photographs
can serve the purpose of making
announcements, displaying events
of short duration & photographs
of local activities. The information
should
be written in simple
language.
Bulletin board
of new
farm equipment, compost
pits &
sanitation devices & animals are mostly
prepared for those people who are not
in a position to see them in the actual
form. They are used to create interest,
promote understanding & influence
the people to adopt a certain practice.
Models
They are a series of blackand-white or colored pictures depicting a
single idea, & instead of being individually
mounted are printed on a single length of
strip of 35-mm film
Film strips
is a transparent picture or
photograph in an individual mount. For viewing
the image, the picture is projected through a
slide-projector which brings the enlarged image
into focus on a screen
Slides
shows can be effectively organized to
gather the rural people. For a puppet show, a
short story, brief scenes & quick dialogues are
necessary. Such shows can teach a lesson
about health, literacy, agriculture. Or homemaking
Puppets
are a set of
small compact cards approximately 30
to 45 cm. In size, & are used to bring
home an idea, such as the cultivation
of hybrid maize, compost-making &
other practices
Flush cards
serve
as a good teaching aid. When a piece
of sandpaper is fixed to the back of a
picture, a photograph, a letter, etc.
They can be made to adhere easily to
a piece of thick flannel cloth, fixed on
a board.
Flannel graphs
Creates awareness &
interest among the people. It inspires & takes
people towards action. It consists of 3 main
parts. The first usually announces the purpose
or the approach, the second sets out
conditions, & the third recommends action. A
poster should be bold enough to attract
attention of the people & should communicate
only one idea at a time. I
Posters
