Chapter 6

Question 0

Calvin cycle

Answer 0

The stage of photosynthesis in which CO2 reacts with RuBP to form 3PG, 3PG is reduced to a sugar, and RuBP is regenerated, while other products are released to the rest of the plant.

Question 1

Photosynthesis

Answer 1

Metabolic processes carried out by green plants and cyanobacteria, by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to convert CO2 into organic compounds.

Question 2

Aerobic

Answer 2

In the presence of oxygen; requiring oxygen.

Question 3

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 3

ATP formation in the mitochondrion, associated with flow of electrons through the respiratory chain.

Question 4

Carbon fixation-reactions

Answer 4

The phase of photosynthesis in which chemical energy captured in the light reactions is used to drive the reduction of CO2 to form carbohydrates.

Question 5

Photon

Answer 5

A quantum of visible radiation; a “packet” of light energy.

Question 6

Electromagnetic radiation

Answer 6

A self-propagating wave that travels though space and has both electrical and magnetic properties.

Question 7

Autotroph

Answer 7

An organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and some energy source such as sunlight or chemically reduced matter.

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 8

The biochemical synthesis of glucose from other substances, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol.

Question 9

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

Answer 9

A phosphorylated three-carbon sugar; an intermediate in glycolysis and photosynthetic carbon fixation.

Question 10

Chemiosmosis

Answer 10

Formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity.

Question 11

Action spectrum

Answer 11

A graph of a biological process versus light wavelength; shows which wavelengths are involved in the process.

Question 12

Oxidation

Answer 12

Relative loss of electrons in a chemical reaction; either outright removal to form an ion, or the sharing of electrons with substances having a greater affinity for them, such as oxygen.

Question 13

Light harvesting complex

Answer 13

In photosynthesis, a group of different molecules that cooperate to absorb light energy and transfer it to a reaction center.

Question 14

Heterotroph

Answer 14

An organism that requires preformed organic molecules as food.

Question 15

Photosystem

Answer 15

In photosynthesis, the complex that absorbs light at 700 nm, passing electrons to ferrodoxin and thence to NADPH.

Question 16

Redox reaction

Answer 16

A chemical reaction in which one reactant becomes oxidized and the other becomes reduced.

Question 17

Pigment

Answer 17

A substance that absorbs visible light.

Question 18

Glycolysis

Answer 18

The enzymatic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Question 19

Coenzyme A

Answer 19

A coenzyme used in various biochemical reactions as a carrier of acyl groups.

Question 20

Chlorophyll

Answer 20

Any of several green pigments associated with chloroplasts or with certain bacterial membranes; responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis.

Question 21

Cyclic electron transport

Answer 21

In photosynthetic light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but no NADPH or O2.

Question 22

Rubisco

Answer 22

The enzyme that combines carbon dioxide or oxygen with ribulose bisphosphate to catalyze the first step of photosynthetic carbon fixation or photorespiration.

Question 23

Reaction center

Answer 23

A group of electron transfer proteins that receive energy from light-absorbing pigments and convert it to chemical energy by redox reactions.

Question 24

Fermentation

Answer 24

The anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy.

Question 25

Light reactions

Answer 25

The initial phase of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy.

Question 26

Photosystem

Answer 26

A light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast thylakoid composed of pigments and proteins.

Question 27

Cellular respiration

Answer 27

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy.

Question 28

Reduction

Answer 28

Gain of electrons by a chemical reactant.

Question 29

Wavelength

Answer 29

The distance between successive peaks of a wave train, such as electromagnetic radiation.

Question 30

Citric acid cycle

Answer 30

In cellular respiration, a set of chemical reactions whereby acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are stored as NADH and FADH2.

Question 31

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 31

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.

Question 32

Anaerobic

Answer 32

Occurring without the use of molecular oxygen, O2.

Question 33

Photosystem

Answer 33

In photosynthesis, the complex that absorbs light at 680 nm, passing electrons to the electron transport chain in the chloroplast.

Question 34

Absorption spectrum

Answer 34

A graph of light absorption versus wavelength of light; shows how much light is absorbed at each wavelength.

Question 35

Electron transport

Answer 35

The passage of electrons through a series of proteins with a release of energy which may be captured in a concentration gradient or in chemical form such as NADH or ATP.