Chapter 6 Flashcards
Which method of device management uses box-by-box management?
Traditional
What are some advantages of using a Cisco DNA Center for device management over a traditional approach?
GUI-based network control facilitating network design and dynamic topology visualization, centralized management and control, AI to assist in troubleshooting problems
What are two benefits of network automation?
Cost reduction
Less time troubleshooting
Configuration consistency
Elastic scaling
What type of device management features a centralized management dashboard and automation to facilitate intent-based networking?
Cisco DNA center
What is a purpose of the Cisco DNA Center controller?
To manage and deploy network devices securely, for automation of devices and services
What is a benefit of a Cisco DNA Center over traditional campus management?
Centralized management
Centralized control of initial configurations
Using SNMP/telemetry to gather data
SDKs that support interaction with third party devices
REST APIs that allow external applications to interact natively
In a Cisco DNA Center environment, what happens when you add, import, or discover a device?
The device is put in a managed state and assigns it to the Global site by default
What are some common languages and protocols for network automation?
NETCONF/YANG
RESTCONF/YANG
OpenFLow
Cisco OpFlex
REST APIs
What approach does Cisco use to controller-based networking?
Declarative approach
Controller declares the requirements of the applications and the network devices decide how to translate that into functional access
What is the imperative approach to controller-based networking?
The control plane logic resides in the controller, and the controller has complete control over programing the forwarding path of devices
In SDN, what does the data plane do?
Forwards user data/traffic from one interface to another
What do Southbound APIs do?
Facilitate control over the network and enable the SDN controller to dynamically make changes according to real-time demands and needs
What is accomplished in SDN?
Centralizes the control plane into an application called a controller
Which API is used for communications between the controller and the network devices it controls?
South-bound
What do North-bound APIs do?
Allow us to interact with the controller via our scripts and applications
What is the control layer in SDN architecture?
Contains the SDN controller that receives and processes instructions from the application layer
What is the application layer in SDN architecture?
Contains scripts/applications that tell the SDN controller what network behaviors are desired
What is the infrastructure layer in SDN architecture?
Contains network devices that are responsible for forwarding messages across the network
What is an example of a southbound API?
NETCONF
OnePK
OpenFlow
OpFlex
What is an example of a northbound API?
REST
OSGi
SOAP
What are some protocols that take place in the control plane?
EIGRP
OSPF
What are some protocols that take place in the data plane?
MAC address table matching
IP routing table matching
NAT
Filtering with ACLs
What are some protocols that take place in the management plane?
SSH
Syslog
SNMP
What is a benefit of using JSON?
Light-weight; shorter than xml
Easy to read and write
Text-based; human readable
How is data in JSON written?
In name/value (key-value) pairs
What are configuration management tools and why would you use them?
Ansible, Puppet, Chef
Prevent configuration drift
Assist in configuration provisioning, changes to devices on a mass scale
What language is Ansible written in?
Python
What language are Chef and Puppet written in?
Ruby
What is an advantage of Ansible over Chef and Puppet?
It’s agentless and doesn’t require an special software to run on the managed devices
What is a push model?
Used by Ansible
Uses SSH to connect to devices and push configuration changes to them
What are the components of Ansible?
Playbook - blueprints written in YAML
Inventory- list managed devices
Templates - device’s configuration file
Variable - list variables and their values written in YAML
How do clients communicate with the Puppet master?
TCP 8140
What automation programs are agent-based?
Puppet, Chef
(Puppet can be agent-less with a proxy server)
What communication protocol does Puppet and Chef use?
HTTPS via REST API
What port does Chef use?
TCP 10002
What is CRUD?
Operations performed using REST APIs
Create
Read
Update
Delete
What do REST APIs typically use as their application layer protocol?
HTTP
What is the HTTP verb is used for create?
Post
What is the HTTP verb is used for read?
Get
What is the HTTP verb is used for update?
Put, patch
What is the HTTP verb is used for delete?
Delete
What format do REST APIs typically encode data in?
JSON
XML
What is REST?
Representational State Transfer
A set of rules about how the API should work
In what language does white-space matter?
YAML
What was a replacement for SNMP that uses SSH?
NETCONF
What was a newer replacement for SNMP that uses HTTPS?
RESTCONF
What kind of architecture do SDNs use?
Spine-and-leaf
What is the enterprise model of SDN?
APIC-EM
What creates L2 tunnels over L3 networks?
VXLAN
What does CRUD do?
Data manipulation
In Ansible, what does a playbook define?
The script for configuration management
In Ansible, what is the inventory?
Defines hosts and connection information
What are facts in puppet?
Describe global variables
What protocol does Ansible use to communicate?
SSH
In JSON, what is enclosed in quotes?
String
What type of configuration uses => ?
Puppet
What symbols are seen in JSON?
{ }
:
,
[ ]
“”
In JSON, what is enclosed in {curly brackets}?
Objects
What is a JWT?
JSON Web Token
An encoded JSON token that is commonly used in REST API security for authentication
How are arrays identified in JSON?
[Square brackets]
What method does Chef use to update configurations?
Pull
