Chapter 6 Flashcards
a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience
Learning
learning that occurs through involuntary paired associations. Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus to cause a conditioned response that is identical to the unconditioned response
Classical Conditioning
Experimentally demonstrated how the emotion of fear could be classically conditioned
Little Albert (John Watson)
A learned response not only to the original stimulus but other similar stimuli as well
Stimulus Generalization
Learning and behavior is determined by the rewards and punishments of the environment
Operant Conditioning
Any procedure that increases the probability of a response occurring again
Reinforcement (reward)
Any procedure that decreases the probability of a response occurring again.
Punishment
A behavior followed by a pleasant consequence will be repeated and a behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence will stop
Law Of Effect (Edward Thorndike)
A behavior that is repeated because it is thought to cause a desired effect, even though there is no connection between the behavior and the effect
Superstitious Behavior
Pigeons repeated a behavior over and over again to get a food pellet (desired effect) even though their behavior wasn’t necessary to get the food pellet - there was no connection between their behavior and the desired effect
Skinner Pigeon Experiment
Known as the Cognitive-Social Learning Theory (Or Imitation or Modeling). Learning by observing the behaviors of others
Observational learning
Children learn aggressive behavior by observing aggressive models.
Bandura Study
must attend or pay attention to the model
Attend (Four Processes)
must remember the observed behavior
Remember (Four Processes)
Must be able to reproduce the observed behavior
Reproduce (Four Processes)
Must be motivated to reproduce the observed behavior. More likely to repeat a behavior if the model was reinforced
Motivation (Four Processes)
Provides models of violence and will increase violent behavior
Social Learning Model
Serves as a release for hostility and aggression and will decrease violent behavior
Cathartic Model
The ability to think rationally, learn from experience, and to deal effectively with the environment
Intelligence
Suggests a single, innate, underlying ability or trait that determines intelligence in all areas. This ability or trait is labeled as “g”. Theoretically the more “g” you have the more intelligent you are
Charles Spearman’s General Factor Theory
Suggests there are two types of intellectual abilities that exist: Fluid abilities and Crystallized Abilities.
Raymond Cattall’s Theory of Intelligence
Intellectual abilities that underlie, or account for much of our intelligent behaviors- similar to spearmans ‘g’. These abilities are innate, not learned. They are independent of education and experience. They decline with age. Include reasoning abilities, problem solving, memory, speed of information.
Fluid Abilities
Knowledge and skills gained through experience and education. Learned, not innate. These abilities will increase and increase with age. Abilities include: vocabulary, general information or knowledge, mathematical skills
Crystallized Abilities
Human intelligence consists of 9 separate areas of abilities. Ex: Logical-Mathematical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist, Spiritual/Existential.
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Does knowing students intellectual abilities influence teachers. Study done in 1968 by Robert Rosenthal and Eleanor Jacobsen but still applicable today. Resulted in the pygmalion effect which is exceptional progress by a student as a result of higher teacher expectations.
Rosenthal-Jacobsen Effect
A groundless expectation that is confirmed because it has been expected
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Measured intelligence had increased in most industrialized countries
The Flynn Effect
The ability to produce valuable or useful outcomes in an original new way
Creativity
seeing unique or different solutions to a problem
Originality (3 characteristics of creativity)
Generating a large number of possible solutions
Fluency (3 characteristics of creativity)
Shifting with ease from one type of problem-solving strategy to another.
Flexibility (3 characteristics of creativity)
How situational factors and other people affect our behaviors
Social Influence
a change in thoughts, feelings, actions, or behaviors due to real or imagined group pressure
Conformity
to test the degree of conformity. More than one third conformed, agreeing to the obviously wrong answer
Solomon Asch Study
Conformity stems from the need for approval and acceptance by the group
Normative Social Influence
Conforming because of a need for information and direction
Informational Social Influence
Conforming to people or groups because we admire them and want to be like them
Reference Groups
Following a direct command, usually from someone in a position of authority
Obedience
He told the subjects he was doing a study on the effects of punishment on learning and memory. He was actually investigating obedience to authority.
Standle Milgram’s famous experiment
What percent of the teacher participants obeyed completely going all the way to the end of the shock scale?
65%
Legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure, closeness/remoteness of the victim. Assignment of responsibility. Modeling or imitating objects
Factors in Obedience
