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chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Occurs in chloroplasts, process by which light energy is turned into chemical energy (in the form of glucose) by plants.

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2
Q

photoautotrophs:

A

Plants that use energy to build complex organic molecules from inorganic substances that provide them with the energy needed for living

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3
Q

Chloroplasts:

A

membrane bound organelle only found in plant and photoautotrophs cells, site of photosynthesis

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4
Q

Chlorophyll:

A

green pigment found embedded in the thylakoids of chloroplasts,responsible for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis,needed to trap light energy from sun

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5
Q

stomata:

A

Small pore on leafs surface,opens and closes to regulate gas and exchange

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6
Q

Xylem:

A

Vascular tissue in plants,responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

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7
Q

Guard cells:

A

control gas exchange by controlling the opening and closing of the stomata.

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8
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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9
Q

describe the chloroplast structure

A

Each chloroplast is enclosed in an envelope that is formed by a double membrane, within this envelope there are many membranous fluid-filled discs called thylakoids, these thylakoids are put into stacks known as grana (singular:granum)

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10
Q

where does the light dependant stage occur?

A

occurs in the thylakoid membranes in the grana

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11
Q

what does the light dependant stage essentially do?

A

the light-dependent stage traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

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12
Q

what are the 4 inputs of the light dependant stage?

A

-sunlight (light)
-h20 (water)
-ADP+Pi
-NADP

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13
Q

where does the light independent stage occur?

A

In the stroma

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14
Q

3 main inputs of light independent stage

A

-carbon dioxide
-ATP
-NADPH

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15
Q

3 main outputs of light independent stage

A

-Glucose
-ADP+Pi
-NADP+

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16
Q

What is rubisco

A

Key enzyme of light independent stage of photosynthesis
Binds to carbon dioxide and facilitates further reactions in photosynthesis process
Can bind to oxygen and can initiate wasteful processes called photorespiration

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17
Q

c3 plants

A

what we consider most plants, contain no adaptions to prevent photorespirationo

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18
Q

what is photorespiration:

A

wasteful reaction, unwanted by plants, this reaction also means less glucose will be produced, and a plants ability to grow will be negativly impacted.

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19
Q

how do C4 plants avoid photorespiration

A

minimise photorespiration,by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the calvin cycle over space

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20
Q

How do CAM plants avoid photorespiration

A

minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the calvin cycle over time

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21
Q

Examples of C3 plants

A

Beans, Spinach, Sunflower, Rice, Cotton

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22
Q

Examples of C4 plants

A

Sugarcane,corn and switchgrass

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23
Q

Examples of CAM plants

A

cacti,orchids

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24
Q

Factors affecting photosynthesis

A

light intensity,water,carbon dioxide,temperature,ph,enzyme inhibition

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25
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

process by which cells create usable energy in the form of ATP from a series of biochemical reactions,involving the breakdown of glucose

26
Q

What is glucose?

A

6-carbon sugar molecule with the formula C6H12O6

27
Q

what is ATP

A

adenonisine triphosphate, high energy molecule that when broken down provides energy for cellular processes

28
Q

what are the 3 stages of Aerobic cellular respiration(oxygen present)

A

glycolysis,krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

29
Q

What is the overall equation for Aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy

30
Q

Anaerobic fermentation:

A

occurs in the absence of oxygen.Involves glycolysis,followed by further reactions that convert pyruvate into lactic acid in animals, or ethanol and CO2 in yeast.

31
Q

Anaerobic fermentation equation in animals (lactic acid)

A

glucose —-> lactic acid + ATP

32
Q

Anaerobic fermentation equation in yeasts and plants (Alcohol fermentation)

A

glucose —–> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ATP

33
Q

What is the Mitochondria:

A

crucial to aerobic cellular respiration, it is a double membrane bound organelle that is the site of the second and third stages of aerobic cellular respiration.

34
Q

what is cytosol (role in cellular respiration)

A

aqueous fluid that surrounds the cells organelles inside the plasma membrane, where glycosis (first stage of cellular respiration) occurs.

35
Q

Mitochondrial matrix (role in cellular respiration)

A

space between the inner membrane of mitcohondrion.SIte of the krebs cycle (second stage of cellular respiration)

36
Q

Crista (cristae) (role in cellular respiration)

A

:folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria.SIte of the electron transport chain.

37
Q

what is ATP synthase

A

:enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the concentration gradient of H+ to synthesis ATP from ADP and Pi.

38
Q

Factors affecting cellular respiration

A

temperature, PH,glucose,enzyme inhibitors

39
Q

Fossil fuel:

A

fuels formed over tens of millions of years from the Samoans of dead organic material.fossil fuels are considered non renewable

40
Q

Non renewable:

A

refers to a resource that is replenished st a slower rate to which it is being used meaning it will eventually run out

41
Q

Biofuel:

A

fuel created from organic material known as biomass

42
Q

Biomass:

A

organic material,including plants,animal by products and biological waste material. Biomass can be sourced from many industries including farming,forestry and food manufacturing

43
Q

Carbon neutral:

A

state in which there is no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

44
Q

What are the 4 steps of creating biofuels

A

Deconstruction of the original biomass,Enzyme catalysed hydrolysis of complex sugars ,Aneraboic fermentation to produce ethanol,Final distillation and purification of the ethanol for use of fuel

45
Q

Name the 5 bioethical concepts

A

-Respect (commitment to consideration and bodily autonomy)
-Integrity (commitment to knowledge)
-Non malificence (commitment to minimising harm)
-Beneficence(commitment to maximising benefits)
-Justice (commitment to fairness)

46
Q

Inputs of glycolysis (occurs in cytosol)

A

-glucose
-2ADP+ 2pi
-2NADP+ 2H

47
Q

Outputs of glycolysis (occurs in cytosol)

A

-2 pyruvate molecules
-2ATP
-2NADPH

48
Q

Inputs of the krebs cycle (occurs in the matrix)

A

-2 acetyl-coA
-6ADP+ 6pi
-6NADP+6P
-2FAD+4H

49
Q

outputs of the krebs cycle (occurs in matrix)

A

-4 carbon molecules
-6 ATP
-6 NADPH
-2FADH2

50
Q

Inputs of electron transport chain (occurs in cristae)

A

-6 oxygen molecules + 12 hydrogen
-26 or 28 ADP + 26 or 28 pi
-10NADPH
-2FADH2

51
Q

Outputs of the electron transport chain (occurs in cristae)

A

-6 H2Os (water)
-26 or 28 ATP
-10 NADP + 10H
-2FAD + 4H

52
Q

Outline the simple process of photosynthesis (the light dependent stage)

A

-Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, causing the electrons on the thylakoid membrane to become excited,this simultanously causes a push of the hydrogen molecules along the lumen. Water donates its electrons to chlorophyll, this causes water to split.
-Oxygen is released,diffuses through stomata or causes photorespiration
- Hydrogens generate NADPH and their movement will generate high energy enzyme ATP
-ATP and NADPH move to light independent stage

53
Q

Outline the simple process of photosynthesis (the light independent stage)

A

-Carbon dioxide molecules enter via stomata,undergoing carbon fixation
-NADPH molecules donate their hydrogens and electrons,ATP molecules breaking forming ADP and pi
-carbon molecules continue to change, eventually playing a part of the formation of glucose
-Some oxygen molecules left over will merge with the hyrdogen ions to form water.

54
Q

what are the 3 stages of aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur?

A

-Glycolysis (occurs in cytosol)
-krebs cycle (occurs in matrix)
-Electron transport chain (Occurs in cristae)

55
Q

What are the stages of aerobic fermentation and where do they occur

A

-Glycolysis (occurs in cytosol)
-Lactic acid formation (in animals)
-Ethanol formation (in yeasts)

56
Q

How many ATP molecules does Anaerobic cellular respiration(presence of oxygen)

A

30 or 32 ATP molecules

57
Q

How many ATP molecules (absence of oxygen) does anaerobic fermentation create

A

2 ATP molecules

58
Q

why does anaerobic fermentation occur?

A

The electron transport chain which produces the bulk of a cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration,requires oxygen to accept and mop up free protons and electrons. Therefore cells that don’t have oxygen are in trouble.Without oxygen, NADH and FADH2 can no longer be unloaded and recycled.

59
Q

How can CRISPR-Cas9 technology be applied?

A

Can be used to genetically modify the genome of organisms, increasing crop yield and agriculture.

60
Q

what are the three steps in the light independent stage?

A

Carbon fixation-conversion of CO3 and RuBP into 3-pga
Reduction-NADPH donates electrons, produces G3P
Regeneration-RuBp molecules start the cycle again to reproduce

61
Q

Outline photosynthesis in a c4 plant

A

-Carbon dioxide enters the mesophyll cells via the stomata, and is fix by the pep carboxylase enzyme, this enzyme adds the carbons forming, oxaloctate (pep carboxylase has no affinity to bind to oxygen)
-oxacloctate converts to 4 carbon molecule (malate) which is capable of being transported to the bundle sheath cells.
-inside bundle sheath cells-malate breaks down releasing carbon dioxide, which enters the calvin cycle in the same way as c3, leading to glucose production
-Pyruvate is then formed from the breakdown of malate, which is transported back to the mesophyll cells,converted to PEP, the cycle is then able to repeat

62
Q

Outline photosynthesis in CAM plants

A

-At night CAM plants open up their stomata bringing in CO2, which is fixed into a four carbon molecule called (oxaloacetate) by enzyme PEP carboxylase
-Oxalocetate is then converted into malate or another organic carbon molecule, this is then stored into vesecles within the mesophyll cells until daytime
-during the day CAM plants wont open their stomata,however they can still photosynthesis as the malate is trasnported out the vacuole and brocken down to release carbon dioxide.

Biology sac 2 (1 decks)

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