Chapter 6 Flashcards
underclass
a. Low low class
b. Long term chronically unemployed
c. Poor on social assistance
d. Chronically homeless
Economic Capital
Economic resources
Social Capital
i. Access to resources based in networks of influence and support group memberships
ii. Who you know
Cultural Capital
i. Education, skills, knowledge that a person has that give him o her higher status in society
ii. What you know
Poverty (Census Poverty)
a. The census bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty
Relative Poverty
i. People who are considered poor are those who don’t have income who could support acceptable standard of living according to community norms
Poverty Rates
11.8% = 38.1 million
Spatial distribution of poverty in the U.S.
a. 1: Mississippi
b. 2: south east in U.S
c. 3: Appalachian belt
d. 4: 4 corners
e. 5: native reservations
f. 6: rio grande valley
Forced Leisure
i. Did that have a choice
ii. Forced upon us
True Leisure
i. Leisure that you made the choice to participate
Benefits of leisure for the unemployed
a. Helps them structure their time
b. Gives statisfaction
c. Maintain relationships
d. Can give you a job
e. Better mental health
Homelessness rates in the U.S
a. About 1% of the U.S
b. 3 million
Reasons for homelessness
a. Lost job
b. Eviction
c. Spousal abuse
d. Divorce
e. Alcohol and drugs
Characteristics of homeless people
a. Single men
b. Family with children
c. Single women
d. Unaccompanied teens
e. Veterans
f. Alcoholics and drug addicts
g. Mental illness
Stages of homelessness
Marginally, Recently, and Chronically
Marginally Homelessness
Near or slightly below poverty line
No shelter
Rely on friends
Moving in and out
Recently Homelessness
i. Less than 1 year
ii. See their situation as temporarily
iii. Relies on shelters
iv. No abuse or mental issues
v. Live in cars
Chronically Homelessness
i. Stereotypical
ii. More than a year
iii. 4 episodes of homelessness in the last 3 years and have a disabling condition
Benefits of leisure for the homeless
Improves their job skills
Recreation programs for the homeless
Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3
Stage 1
i. Don’t need a special program
ii. All they need is help accessing recreational services
Stage 2
i. Computer games
ii. Working on resume
iii. Reading
iv. Art
v. Physical activity
Stage 3
i. Convince them to shelters
ii. Work on abuse
1. To stay clean
The number and proportion of older adults in the U.S.
a. 78.9 years
total
b. 76.4 for men and 81.4 for women
c. In 2020, 16.9% of US population was over 65 years of age
Reasons for the growth of the elderly population
a. Baby booms are retiring
b. Increase in life expectancy
i. Improvement in medicine
ii. Live healthier
1. Not all of them smoke
iii. Improvements in transportation
1. Cars and roads are safer now
iv. Lower fertility rates
Geographic distribution of older adults
a. Move to warmer
b. Southern states
Sources of income among older adults
a. Biggest: social security
b. 2: earnings
c. 3: pensions
d. 4: assert income
Old age dependency
Old age - population aged 65 yrs and over/ x 100
Population aged 20 to 64 years
Chronological Age
Actual age
Functional Age
i. Ability to carry out activities of daily living
ii. Ability to live independently
Social construction of aging
a. Age is socially constructed – A society has certain assumptions of capabilities, roles and responsibilities, rights and privileges based on age
Sensory system
i. Smell decreases
ii. Hearing decreases
iii. Vision worses
iv. Touch isn’t the same
v. Taste changes
Musculoskeletal system
i. Bones, muscles, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons
ii. The elasticity of connective tissue decreases
iii.Osteoporosis
1. Bones lose calcium
2. Among women in menopause
iv. Decrease in muscle mass and strength
Respiratory system
i. Loss of elasticity hardening and stiffening of support issues and airways
ii. Decrease amount of air in and out of lungs
iii. Lower ability to cope with air pollutants
Cardiovascular system
i. Heart muscle becomes less elastic
ii. The walls of the heart thicken
1.High blood pressure
iii. Arteries become less elastic
Nervous system
i. Brain reduces in size and weight
ii. Loos of neurons and an increase in reaction time
Cocktail party effect
Inability to distinguish foreground sound from background conversation
Fluid Intelligence
- Biologically determines
- Decreases with age
- Increases in late teens
- Given from the intelligence of both of our parents
Crystallized intelligence
- Based on learning
- Increases with age
- Comes with experience
Sensory Memory
Received by our senses
Short-term
Information from our sensory is temporarily stored
Long-term
Where you know everything forever
Life Span
Maximum of years for a human
Life Expectancy
A projected # of years a person is expected to live based on genetics and environments
Core leisure activities
i. Participation is stable throughout life span
ii. Cheap
iii. Not a lot of skills or resources
Balance Leisure activities
i. Participation changes depending on the roles and responsibilities you assume with age and physical abilities
ii. Acquires resources and skills
Leisure Motivations among older adults
a. Health becomes much more important
b. Want to feel younger
c. Decrease wrinkles
Leisure constraints among older adults
a. Physical
i.Hard to walk
ii.Hard to do anything
b. Social networks decrease
i.Friends are dying
c. Mental capabilities are declining
d. Physical barriers
i.Can’t go out in harsh climate conditions
Disability
Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal
Impairment
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function
Handicap
A disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal
What is arthritis and what are its symptoms?
a. Inflammation of the joint
b. Gets worse overtime
Osteoarthritis
i. Most common
ii. Wear and tear over time
Rheumatoid arthritis
i. Auto immune disorder
ii. Chronic inflammatory condition
iii. Can affect other parts of your body
iv. Like the flue
v. Lymph nodes enlarge
Providing leisure services for people with arthritis
a. Move their joints in all range of motion
What is cerebral palsy and what are its symptoms?
a. Caused by damage to the motor portions of the brain
b. Doesn’t get worse or better
Spastic CP
i. 80% of cases
ii. Permanently contract muscles
iii. Shorter limbs
iv. Tremor
v. Eye issues
Dyskinetic CP
i. Slow twisting movements of muscles
Ataxic CP
i. Disturbance of balance
ii. Intention tremor
What is multiple sclerosis and what are its symptoms?
a. Central nervous system
b. Develop lesions in the myelin
c. Symptoms
i. Weakness, can’t walk, numbness, tingly, visual difficulties, balance, and lower strength
What is muscular dystrophy and what are its symptoms?
a. Genetic disorder
b. Weakness of voluntary muscles
Duchenne/ childhood
passed down by the mom
Only boys can get it
Diagnosed by 5 years old
Always fatal
Limb-girdle
- Shoulder and back
- Teens
- Slowly progress
FSH MD
- Face, neck, and shoulder
- Late teens and 20s
What is poliomyelitis and what are its symptoms?
a. Caused by a virus
b. Infection of central nervous system
c. Any age
d. Virus goes under the nose
e. Symptoms
i. Paralyzed
ii.Can also vary
f. You can get vaccines
What is spina bifida and what are its signs and symptoms?
a. Neurotube defect
b. Bladder and bowel problems (incontinence)
c. Sexual dysfunction.
d. Weakness and loss of sensation below the defect.
e. Inability to move the lower legs (paralysis) and other cognitive impairments.
SB Occulta
i. Not that serious
ii. Doesn’t paralized
iii. 10%-20%
SB Manifesta
i. Very serious
ii. 1/1000 births
iii. Meningocele
1.Approximately 4%
2.Cyst with tissue covering the spinal cord and cerebro
3.Spinal fliud
iv. Myelomeningocele
1. 96% of Spinal Bifida children
2.Spinal fluid, nerves, and part of spinal cord
3.Spinal cord is damaged
4.Most likely can’t walk
What are the causes of traumatic brain injuries?
a. Car accident
b. Fall anywhere
c. Sports
d. In order: falls, vehicle collisions, violence, sports, and explosives/ combat
What is CTE? What are its causes and symptoms?
a. A progressive degenerative disease within the brain resulting from several repeated TBIs
b. Symptoms
i.Memory loss, erratic behavior, aggression, and impaired judgment
What is the difference between impact and motion injury?
a.Impact
I. A moving object striking a stationary hear or from a moving head striking a stationary object
b.Motion
i.Involves sudden acceleration/ deceleration of the brain within the skull
ii.Something hits you so hard it moves your brain
What is the difference between closed head and open head TBI?
a.Closed
i. An injury that doesn’t penetrate or fracture the skull
b.Open
i. The entry of an object into the brain
What are the major causes of spinal cord injuries?
- Car= 39%
- Falls= 30%
- Violence= 14%
4.sport= 8% - Sport= 8%
What are the major sections of vertebra and bodily functions they are responsible for?
a.Cervical
b.Thoracic
c.Lumbar
d.Sacral
Cervical
Head neck
ii.Diaphragm
iii.Biceps
iv.Wrists
v.Triceps
vi.Hand
Thoracic
i.Chest muscles
ii. Abdominal muscles
Lumbar
Leg muscles
Sacral
Bowel
Bladder
sexual function
Paraplegia
i. Lower extremities and lower torso high in spine
ii. Hands are fine
Quadriplegia
i. Legs and arms affected
ii. Very high in spine
What are the main causes of death among people with SCIs?
a. Pulmonary issues
i. People aren’t moving and water accumulates
b. Non-ischemic heart disease
i. Not moving
c. Violence
i. Street violence and homicide by a family
What are the 4 brain lobes?
Frontal, Parietal , Occipital, Temporal Lobe, and the Brain stem with the Cerebellum
Frontal
voluntary movement, expressive language, and for managing higher-level executive functions
- changes in personality
-Changes in social behavior
Parietal
Processes your sense of touch and assembles input from your other senses into a form you can use
-Being able to locate object in a space
Occipital
In charge of the vision
-visual perception
-defects in vision
temporal lobe
hearing ability
-difficulty in memory, understanding words, and recognizing faces
brain stem and cerebellum
Stem:
- breathing
-heart rate
Cerebellum:
-balance
-walking
